NUR 521 OA FINAL EXAM (LATEST 2025/2026) |
COMPLETE ACTUAL EXAM | QUESTIONS & 100%
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS | OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
| PRE ASSESSMENT INCLUDED | GUARANTEED A+ |
BRAND NEW UPDATE!
Hemodynamics -ANSWER the study of the movement of blood throughout the circulatory
system, along with the regulatory mechanisms and driving forces involved
Two primary functions of the circulatory system -ANSWER deliver oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, electrolytes, and other essentials to the cells, remove carbon dioxide and metabolic
waste from the cells (also helps fight infection)
Arteries -ANSWER Do not stretch very easily, large increase in pressure causes small
increase in diameter
Veins -ANSWER Stretch easily, small increase in pressure causes large increase in diameter
Formula for cardiac output -ANSWER HRxSV
Formula for Arterial pressure -ANSWER PRxCO
Nephron -ANSWER Basic functional unit of the kidney
Three basic functions of the kidneys -ANSWER Cleansing of ECF and maintenance of ECF
volume and composition, Maintenance of acid-base balance, excretion of metabolic wastes and
foreign substances
Diuretic Beers Criteria -ANSWER Use with caution in 65 years or older due to the potential
to exacerbate SIADH or hyponatremia, monitor sodium concentration closely
Unsafe to use diuretics in -ANSWER Pregnant women, can cause maternal death, abortion,
fetal reabsorption
, Safe to use diureticss -ANSWER Small doses with pediatric patients
Furosemide works in the -ANSWER Ascending limb of the loop of henle
Furosemide brand name -ANSWER Lasix
Furosemide MOA -ANSWER Produces profound diuresis
Blocks reabsorption of sodium and chloride, preventing reabsorption of water
Furosemide Use -ANSWER Used when rapid or massive mobilization of fluid is required
- pulmonary edema from CHF
- edema from heart, liver, kidney that has not responded to other medications
- HTN
Furosemide is especially useful in -ANSWER Especially useful in patients with severe renal
impairment because it can promote diuresis when GFR and renal blood flow are low
Furosemide can be combined with -ANSWER Can be combined with a thiazide diuretic
Furosemide starts working -ANSWER starts working in 60 minutes and lasts 8 hours
Furosemide goal -ANSWER goal is to decrease edema and treat HTN
Furosemide caution -ANSWER Use with caution with CV disease, renal impairment, DM,
Gout, Pregnancy, Ototoxic drugs, NSAIDS, antihypertensives
Furosemide is a k... -ANSWER K wasting diuretic
Hypokalemia can cause -ANSWER can cause fatal dysrhythmia
Hypokalemia value -ANSWER Less than 3.5mEq/L
Furosemide adverse effects -ANSWER adverse effects include hyponatremia,
hypochloremia, hypotension, dehydration, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia,
increase in LDL and triglycerides, decrease in HDL, ototoxicity
Signs of dehydration -ANSWER signs include dry mouth, unusual thirst, oliguria
if dehydration or hypotension occurs with furosemide -ANSWER discontinue furosemide if
this occurs
, Furosemide patient education -ANSWER Patient education is to monitor BP, s/s of postural
hypotension, K rich foods
Furosemide interacts with ... -ANSWER Digoxin, ototoxic drugs, K sparing diuretics, NSAIDS,
antihypertensives, lithium interacts with...
Drug class of Furosemide -ANSWER Loop diuretic example
Furosemide dose -ANSWER dose is 20, 40, 80mg daily or BID dosing
Hydrochlorothiazide AKA -ANSWER Microzide
Hydrochlorothiazide works in the -ANSWER works in the early segment of the distal
convoluted tube
HCTZ MOA -ANSWER Promotes urine production by blocking the reabsorption of NA and Cl
causing water retention in the nephron and increased flow of urine
HCTZ must have -ANSWER Must have adequate kidney function to work, GFR must be at
least 20mL/min
HCTZ is a derivative of -ANSWER Steroids
HCTZ starts working in -ANSWER 2 hours and peaks at 4 to 6 hours
HCTZ Dose -ANSWER Dose is 12.5, 25. 50 mg daily or BID
HCTZ Caution with -ANSWER Caution with CV disease, renal impairment, DM, Gout,
Digoxin, Lithium, antihypertensives
Hypokalemia signs -ANSWER constipation, heart palpitations, fatigue, muscle weakness,
tingling, numbness
HCTZ patient education -ANSWER Educate patient on daily weights, s/s of hypokalemia
HCTZ adverse effects -ANSWER Nearly identical to loop diuretics but not ototoxic
(hyponatremia, hypochloremia, dehydration, hypotension, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia,
hyperuricemia, reduction of HDL cholesterol, increase in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides)
Potassium sparing diuretic subtypes -ANSWER aldosterone antagonists, non-aldosterone
antagonists
, Spironolactone drug class -ANSWER Aldosterone antagonist potassium-sparing diuretic
Spironolactone works in the -ANSWER works in the late distal convoluted tubule and
collecting duct (distal nephron)
Aldosterone acts to -ANSWER acts to promote sodium uptake in exchange for potassium
secretion
Aldosterone Antagonist acts to -ANSWER retention of potassium and increased excretion of
sodium
Spironolactone MOA -ANSWER Blocks the actions of aldosterone in the distal nephron
causing the retention of potassium and excretion of NA
Spironolactone produces modest... -ANSWER produces modest increase in urine
production
Spironolactone produces substantial -ANSWER produces substantial decrease in potassium
excretion
Spironolactone is often used to -ANSWER often used to counteract potassium loss caused
by thiazide and loop diuretics, not usually used alone for diuresis
Spironolactone produces scanty diuresis because... -ANSWER most NA has already been
reabsorbed before reaching the distal nephron
Spironolactone used with -ANSWER Used with HTN, edema, CHF (blocking aldosterone
creates protective effects), used in combination to counteract K wasting drugs
Spironolactone dosing -ANSWER 25, 50, 100mg tablets, 25-200mg per day
Spironolactone works in -ANSWER 48 hours (delayed effects)
Spironolactone off label uses -ANSWER Off-label uses include acne, hair loss, hirsutism,
hormone therapy for transgender females
Spironolactone adverse effects -ANSWER adverse effects are hyperkalemia (dysrhythmia),
endocrine effects (gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities, impotence, hirsutism, deep voice)
Spironolactone BBW -ANSWER BBW shown to cause tumors in rats
COMPLETE ACTUAL EXAM | QUESTIONS & 100%
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS | OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
| PRE ASSESSMENT INCLUDED | GUARANTEED A+ |
BRAND NEW UPDATE!
Hemodynamics -ANSWER the study of the movement of blood throughout the circulatory
system, along with the regulatory mechanisms and driving forces involved
Two primary functions of the circulatory system -ANSWER deliver oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, electrolytes, and other essentials to the cells, remove carbon dioxide and metabolic
waste from the cells (also helps fight infection)
Arteries -ANSWER Do not stretch very easily, large increase in pressure causes small
increase in diameter
Veins -ANSWER Stretch easily, small increase in pressure causes large increase in diameter
Formula for cardiac output -ANSWER HRxSV
Formula for Arterial pressure -ANSWER PRxCO
Nephron -ANSWER Basic functional unit of the kidney
Three basic functions of the kidneys -ANSWER Cleansing of ECF and maintenance of ECF
volume and composition, Maintenance of acid-base balance, excretion of metabolic wastes and
foreign substances
Diuretic Beers Criteria -ANSWER Use with caution in 65 years or older due to the potential
to exacerbate SIADH or hyponatremia, monitor sodium concentration closely
Unsafe to use diuretics in -ANSWER Pregnant women, can cause maternal death, abortion,
fetal reabsorption
, Safe to use diureticss -ANSWER Small doses with pediatric patients
Furosemide works in the -ANSWER Ascending limb of the loop of henle
Furosemide brand name -ANSWER Lasix
Furosemide MOA -ANSWER Produces profound diuresis
Blocks reabsorption of sodium and chloride, preventing reabsorption of water
Furosemide Use -ANSWER Used when rapid or massive mobilization of fluid is required
- pulmonary edema from CHF
- edema from heart, liver, kidney that has not responded to other medications
- HTN
Furosemide is especially useful in -ANSWER Especially useful in patients with severe renal
impairment because it can promote diuresis when GFR and renal blood flow are low
Furosemide can be combined with -ANSWER Can be combined with a thiazide diuretic
Furosemide starts working -ANSWER starts working in 60 minutes and lasts 8 hours
Furosemide goal -ANSWER goal is to decrease edema and treat HTN
Furosemide caution -ANSWER Use with caution with CV disease, renal impairment, DM,
Gout, Pregnancy, Ototoxic drugs, NSAIDS, antihypertensives
Furosemide is a k... -ANSWER K wasting diuretic
Hypokalemia can cause -ANSWER can cause fatal dysrhythmia
Hypokalemia value -ANSWER Less than 3.5mEq/L
Furosemide adverse effects -ANSWER adverse effects include hyponatremia,
hypochloremia, hypotension, dehydration, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia,
increase in LDL and triglycerides, decrease in HDL, ototoxicity
Signs of dehydration -ANSWER signs include dry mouth, unusual thirst, oliguria
if dehydration or hypotension occurs with furosemide -ANSWER discontinue furosemide if
this occurs
, Furosemide patient education -ANSWER Patient education is to monitor BP, s/s of postural
hypotension, K rich foods
Furosemide interacts with ... -ANSWER Digoxin, ototoxic drugs, K sparing diuretics, NSAIDS,
antihypertensives, lithium interacts with...
Drug class of Furosemide -ANSWER Loop diuretic example
Furosemide dose -ANSWER dose is 20, 40, 80mg daily or BID dosing
Hydrochlorothiazide AKA -ANSWER Microzide
Hydrochlorothiazide works in the -ANSWER works in the early segment of the distal
convoluted tube
HCTZ MOA -ANSWER Promotes urine production by blocking the reabsorption of NA and Cl
causing water retention in the nephron and increased flow of urine
HCTZ must have -ANSWER Must have adequate kidney function to work, GFR must be at
least 20mL/min
HCTZ is a derivative of -ANSWER Steroids
HCTZ starts working in -ANSWER 2 hours and peaks at 4 to 6 hours
HCTZ Dose -ANSWER Dose is 12.5, 25. 50 mg daily or BID
HCTZ Caution with -ANSWER Caution with CV disease, renal impairment, DM, Gout,
Digoxin, Lithium, antihypertensives
Hypokalemia signs -ANSWER constipation, heart palpitations, fatigue, muscle weakness,
tingling, numbness
HCTZ patient education -ANSWER Educate patient on daily weights, s/s of hypokalemia
HCTZ adverse effects -ANSWER Nearly identical to loop diuretics but not ototoxic
(hyponatremia, hypochloremia, dehydration, hypotension, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia,
hyperuricemia, reduction of HDL cholesterol, increase in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides)
Potassium sparing diuretic subtypes -ANSWER aldosterone antagonists, non-aldosterone
antagonists
, Spironolactone drug class -ANSWER Aldosterone antagonist potassium-sparing diuretic
Spironolactone works in the -ANSWER works in the late distal convoluted tubule and
collecting duct (distal nephron)
Aldosterone acts to -ANSWER acts to promote sodium uptake in exchange for potassium
secretion
Aldosterone Antagonist acts to -ANSWER retention of potassium and increased excretion of
sodium
Spironolactone MOA -ANSWER Blocks the actions of aldosterone in the distal nephron
causing the retention of potassium and excretion of NA
Spironolactone produces modest... -ANSWER produces modest increase in urine
production
Spironolactone produces substantial -ANSWER produces substantial decrease in potassium
excretion
Spironolactone is often used to -ANSWER often used to counteract potassium loss caused
by thiazide and loop diuretics, not usually used alone for diuresis
Spironolactone produces scanty diuresis because... -ANSWER most NA has already been
reabsorbed before reaching the distal nephron
Spironolactone used with -ANSWER Used with HTN, edema, CHF (blocking aldosterone
creates protective effects), used in combination to counteract K wasting drugs
Spironolactone dosing -ANSWER 25, 50, 100mg tablets, 25-200mg per day
Spironolactone works in -ANSWER 48 hours (delayed effects)
Spironolactone off label uses -ANSWER Off-label uses include acne, hair loss, hirsutism,
hormone therapy for transgender females
Spironolactone adverse effects -ANSWER adverse effects are hyperkalemia (dysrhythmia),
endocrine effects (gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities, impotence, hirsutism, deep voice)
Spironolactone BBW -ANSWER BBW shown to cause tumors in rats
