NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
STUDY GUIDE VERIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS(2026-2027 version)
What is pathophysiology? - CORRECT ANSWERS -The study of homeostasis. What the body has to do to
be at normal operating range. Etiology of disease. What is normal and abnormal.
General Adaptation Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS -A cluster of systemic manifestations that represent
an attempt to cope with a stressor
Describe the Alarm phase - CORRECT ANSWERS -Generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous
system, releases catacholamines and cortisol AKA fight or flight.
Dump of adrenaline or epinephrine rush in the body.
Breathing is faster.
Describe the resistance stage of GAS - CORRECT ANSWERS -During this stage the body selects the most
effective and economic channels of defense. During this stage the cortisol levels that were present in
the alarm stage drop because they are no longer needed.
Trying to get away from the stress.
Describe the exhaustion stage of GAS - CORRECT ANSWERS -Initiated if the stressor is prolonged or
overwhelms the body. When you are exhausted and done.
What is a sign? - CORRECT ANSWERS -something that you can physically see
What is a symptom? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Something that is felt by a person
What is edema? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Swelling/inflammation.
excess fluid in the interstitial spaces
, Dehydration - CORRECT ANSWERS -(ECF volume deficit)
Inadequate fluid intake
occurs when total body fluid levels are insufficient to meet body's needs. Lack of volume in the body
Hypertonic Hydration (fluid overload) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Excess fluid, lungs-difficult to breathe,
bounding pulse. Edema is an example
What is the main electrolyte in the extracellular fluid? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Sodium (NaCl) Chloride
The main electrolyte inside of the cell? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Potassium
Main electrolyte in the interstitial space - CORRECT ANSWERS -Magnesium
Sodium normal range - CORRECT ANSWERS -135-145 meq/L
High sodium ( > 145 mEq/L): - CORRECT ANSWERS -hypernatremia
Symptoms of hypernatremia include - CORRECT ANSWERS -dehydration and any accompanying ECF
volume deficit (postural hypotension, weakness, and tachycardia).
<135 meq/L (Low sodium) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS -Causes brain swelling, weakness, and confusion
Normal Chloride levels - CORRECT ANSWERS -98-108meq/L
STUDY GUIDE VERIFIED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS(2026-2027 version)
What is pathophysiology? - CORRECT ANSWERS -The study of homeostasis. What the body has to do to
be at normal operating range. Etiology of disease. What is normal and abnormal.
General Adaptation Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS -A cluster of systemic manifestations that represent
an attempt to cope with a stressor
Describe the Alarm phase - CORRECT ANSWERS -Generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous
system, releases catacholamines and cortisol AKA fight or flight.
Dump of adrenaline or epinephrine rush in the body.
Breathing is faster.
Describe the resistance stage of GAS - CORRECT ANSWERS -During this stage the body selects the most
effective and economic channels of defense. During this stage the cortisol levels that were present in
the alarm stage drop because they are no longer needed.
Trying to get away from the stress.
Describe the exhaustion stage of GAS - CORRECT ANSWERS -Initiated if the stressor is prolonged or
overwhelms the body. When you are exhausted and done.
What is a sign? - CORRECT ANSWERS -something that you can physically see
What is a symptom? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Something that is felt by a person
What is edema? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Swelling/inflammation.
excess fluid in the interstitial spaces
, Dehydration - CORRECT ANSWERS -(ECF volume deficit)
Inadequate fluid intake
occurs when total body fluid levels are insufficient to meet body's needs. Lack of volume in the body
Hypertonic Hydration (fluid overload) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Excess fluid, lungs-difficult to breathe,
bounding pulse. Edema is an example
What is the main electrolyte in the extracellular fluid? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Sodium (NaCl) Chloride
The main electrolyte inside of the cell? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Potassium
Main electrolyte in the interstitial space - CORRECT ANSWERS -Magnesium
Sodium normal range - CORRECT ANSWERS -135-145 meq/L
High sodium ( > 145 mEq/L): - CORRECT ANSWERS -hypernatremia
Symptoms of hypernatremia include - CORRECT ANSWERS -dehydration and any accompanying ECF
volume deficit (postural hypotension, weakness, and tachycardia).
<135 meq/L (Low sodium) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS -Causes brain swelling, weakness, and confusion
Normal Chloride levels - CORRECT ANSWERS -98-108meq/L
