NUR 408 Exam 1 – Study Guide and Exam Review Material
Describe feelings of helplessness - ✔✔disorganization, fear, anxiety
what is a defense mechanism that enables the patient to cope with threatening circumstances -
✔✔denial
What is troponin - ✔✔it is myocardial muscle protein released into the blood stream when
there is injury to myocardial muscle
troponin T and I: - ✔✔are not found in healthy people so any rise in these values indicates
cardiac necrosis or acute MI
what is significant about troponins T and I: - ✔✔they have a wide time frame so they are
helpful for patients who present several hours after chest pain
the appearance of CK indicates: - ✔✔tissue necrosis or injury to the brain, skeletal muscle, or
myocardium
CK-MM is the predominate isoenzyme of: - ✔✔skeletal muscle
CK-MB is the predominate isoenzyme of: - ✔✔myocardial muscle
CK-BB is the predominate isoenzyme of: - ✔✔brain
when is the peak level for CK-MB after chest pain - ✔✔24 hours
,Elaborate on the CK-MB subforms (CK-MB1, CK-MB2) - ✔✔they can occur early as 2 hours
after MI and remain elevated for up to 12 hours after MI. They are very sensitive and specific to
early diagnostic markers of MI
What is the earliest marker detected for MI?
Where is it located? - ✔✔myoglobin
in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Elevated lipid levels are considered a risk for ______? - ✔✔CAD
therapeutic level for cholesterol: - ✔✔less than 200mg/dL
therapeutic levels for troponin T:
therapeutic levels for troponin I: - ✔✔<0.1ng/mL
<0.03 ng/mL
therapeutic level for triglycerides: - ✔✔40-160mg/dL for men
35-45mg/dL for women
Therapeutic levels for HDL (high density lipoproteins)
("good" cholesterol) - ✔✔more than 45mg/dL for men
more than 55mg/dL for women
therapeutic level for LDL (low density lipoproteins) - ✔✔<130mg/dL
HDL contains mainly _______ with 20% cholesterol.
LDL contains mainly _______. - ✔✔protein
, cholesterol
elevated LDL levels are positively related to_____ whereas elevated HDL levels are negatively
related and appear as protection from this. - ✔✔CAD
LDL pattern A is associated with _________ resistance.
LDL pattern B is associated with _________ resistance. - ✔✔non-insulin
insulin
Homocystein: elevated values may be an independent risk factor for the development of _____.
- ✔✔CVD
Problems with hypokalemia: - ✔✔increased electrical instability
ventricular dysrhythmias
increased risk for digitalis toxicity
problems with hyperkalemia: - ✔✔slowed ventricular conduction
peaked T waves on the ECG
contraction followed by asystole) (cardiac standstill
problems with hypocalcemia: - ✔✔ventricular dysryhthmias
prolonged QT interval
cardiac arrest
problems with hypercalcemia: - ✔✔shortens QT interval and causes AV block
digitalis hypersensitivity
cardiac arrest
Describe feelings of helplessness - ✔✔disorganization, fear, anxiety
what is a defense mechanism that enables the patient to cope with threatening circumstances -
✔✔denial
What is troponin - ✔✔it is myocardial muscle protein released into the blood stream when
there is injury to myocardial muscle
troponin T and I: - ✔✔are not found in healthy people so any rise in these values indicates
cardiac necrosis or acute MI
what is significant about troponins T and I: - ✔✔they have a wide time frame so they are
helpful for patients who present several hours after chest pain
the appearance of CK indicates: - ✔✔tissue necrosis or injury to the brain, skeletal muscle, or
myocardium
CK-MM is the predominate isoenzyme of: - ✔✔skeletal muscle
CK-MB is the predominate isoenzyme of: - ✔✔myocardial muscle
CK-BB is the predominate isoenzyme of: - ✔✔brain
when is the peak level for CK-MB after chest pain - ✔✔24 hours
,Elaborate on the CK-MB subforms (CK-MB1, CK-MB2) - ✔✔they can occur early as 2 hours
after MI and remain elevated for up to 12 hours after MI. They are very sensitive and specific to
early diagnostic markers of MI
What is the earliest marker detected for MI?
Where is it located? - ✔✔myoglobin
in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Elevated lipid levels are considered a risk for ______? - ✔✔CAD
therapeutic level for cholesterol: - ✔✔less than 200mg/dL
therapeutic levels for troponin T:
therapeutic levels for troponin I: - ✔✔<0.1ng/mL
<0.03 ng/mL
therapeutic level for triglycerides: - ✔✔40-160mg/dL for men
35-45mg/dL for women
Therapeutic levels for HDL (high density lipoproteins)
("good" cholesterol) - ✔✔more than 45mg/dL for men
more than 55mg/dL for women
therapeutic level for LDL (low density lipoproteins) - ✔✔<130mg/dL
HDL contains mainly _______ with 20% cholesterol.
LDL contains mainly _______. - ✔✔protein
, cholesterol
elevated LDL levels are positively related to_____ whereas elevated HDL levels are negatively
related and appear as protection from this. - ✔✔CAD
LDL pattern A is associated with _________ resistance.
LDL pattern B is associated with _________ resistance. - ✔✔non-insulin
insulin
Homocystein: elevated values may be an independent risk factor for the development of _____.
- ✔✔CVD
Problems with hypokalemia: - ✔✔increased electrical instability
ventricular dysrhythmias
increased risk for digitalis toxicity
problems with hyperkalemia: - ✔✔slowed ventricular conduction
peaked T waves on the ECG
contraction followed by asystole) (cardiac standstill
problems with hypocalcemia: - ✔✔ventricular dysryhthmias
prolonged QT interval
cardiac arrest
problems with hypercalcemia: - ✔✔shortens QT interval and causes AV block
digitalis hypersensitivity
cardiac arrest
