wgu d236
pathophysiology:
objective assessment
questions and verified
answers | latest
2023/2024 graded a+
what is starling's law of capillary forces?
how does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema?
- ☑️☑️starling's law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. there are two
major opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out
of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into
the capillaries).
,both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic pressure, high
electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the cells and
interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the high concentrations.
on, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally
deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial
fluid which can lead to edema.
how does the raas (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) result in increased blood volume and
increased blood pressure?
- ☑️☑️a drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins
to
secrete renin.
,renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to angiotensin i in
the lungs and then angiotensin ii by the enzyme
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace). angiotensin ii stimulates peripheral arterial
vasoconstriction which raises bp.
angiotensin ii is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts to increase
sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased potassium
secretion in urine.
how can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest?
- ☑️☑️normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 meq/dl. hyperkalemia refers to
potassium levels higher that 5.2 meq/dl.
, a major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. too low and muscle
weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms.
this is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart
attack
the body uses the protein buffering system, phosphate buffering system, and carbonic acid-
bicarbonate system to regulate and maintain homeostatic ph, what is the consequence of a ph
imbalance
- ☑️☑️proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by ph changes. any
increase or decrease in blood ph can alter the structure of the protein (denature), thereby
affecting its function as well
describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis,
respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative ph and co2 levels).
- ☑️☑️normal abgs (arterial blood gases) blood ph: 7.35-7.45 pco2: 35-45 mm hg po2: 90-100
mm
pathophysiology:
objective assessment
questions and verified
answers | latest
2023/2024 graded a+
what is starling's law of capillary forces?
how does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema?
- ☑️☑️starling's law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. there are two
major opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out
of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into
the capillaries).
,both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic pressure, high
electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the cells and
interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the high concentrations.
on, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally
deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial
fluid which can lead to edema.
how does the raas (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) result in increased blood volume and
increased blood pressure?
- ☑️☑️a drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins
to
secrete renin.
,renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to angiotensin i in
the lungs and then angiotensin ii by the enzyme
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace). angiotensin ii stimulates peripheral arterial
vasoconstriction which raises bp.
angiotensin ii is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts to increase
sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased potassium
secretion in urine.
how can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest?
- ☑️☑️normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 meq/dl. hyperkalemia refers to
potassium levels higher that 5.2 meq/dl.
, a major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. too low and muscle
weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms.
this is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart
attack
the body uses the protein buffering system, phosphate buffering system, and carbonic acid-
bicarbonate system to regulate and maintain homeostatic ph, what is the consequence of a ph
imbalance
- ☑️☑️proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by ph changes. any
increase or decrease in blood ph can alter the structure of the protein (denature), thereby
affecting its function as well
describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis,
respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative ph and co2 levels).
- ☑️☑️normal abgs (arterial blood gases) blood ph: 7.35-7.45 pco2: 35-45 mm hg po2: 90-100
mm
