Anatomy and Physiology Midterm Test
✅✅-Define anatomy
study of structure and shape of body and its parts -
study of how body and parts work or function - ✅✅-Define physiology
✅✅
atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism - -What are the levels of organization from atom to
organism?
- nucleus (p + n), electrons orbit
✅✅
-p+n
-p- -What is the structure of an atom? What does atomic mass
represent? What does atomic number represent?
✅✅
can form 4 covalent bonds - bond to self to form long chains, single,
double, triple - -What makes carbon so important in organic
molecules?
✅✅
NHCOPS - nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur -
-What are the 6 most common elements in the human body?
- ionic - attraction between ions (charged), 1 atom electron doesn't always
be the electron gained
- covalent - share valence electrons, can form single/double/triple bonds
- hydrogen - attraction between polar molecules, weak bonds, holds DNA
✅✅
and other molecules together, stabilize proteins, also known as electrostatic
bonds - -What are the 3 major types of bonds and their differences?
Be able to illustrate and explain examples of all 3.
- charged particle, formed as result of ionic bonding
- form from 1 atom gives up electron to air and 1 atom attracts an electron
from the air (not necessarily the same electron)
✅✅
- cation
- anion - -What is an ion? How do they form? What is the term that
refers to a positive ion? A negative ion?
- variants of an element which has different number of neutrons
- subtract atomic mass and atomic number/protons
✅✅
- used in nuclear medicine to target cancer cells and in imaging studies -
-What is an isotope? How do you determine the number of neutrons
in an isotope? What are some uses of isotopes in medicine?
acidity or alkalinity/base of a substance - ✅✅-What does pH measure?
- releases H+ ions in water, high concentration of H+ ions
- 0-6
,- sour, react with metals - ✅✅
-Explain acids in terms of H+ concentration.
What are their pH ranges? What are characteristics of acids?
- attracts H+ ions when placed in water, low concentration of H+ ions
✅✅
- 8-14
- bitter, slippery in feel (soap) - -Explain bases in terms of H+
concentration. What are their pH ranges? What are characteristics of
bases?
✅✅
load/unload H+ ions to keep pH balance and to prevent pH swings -
-What is the function of buffers?
lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids - ✅✅-What are the 4 major
macromolecules?
- energy storage (very rich, 2 times the energy then carbohydrates),
cushion organs, insulates body (such as whale blubber)
- carbon, hydrogen, and few oxygen which creates long hydrocarbon
chains (glycerol and fatty acid (long hydrocarbon "tail" with COOH group at
the "head") chains through dehydration synthesis)
- triglyceride (fat of 3 fatty acids link to glycerol), saturated fat (bonded C to
H w/ no C=C double bonds), unsaturated fat (C=C double bonds in fatty
acid), plant and fish fats, vegetable oils, phospholipids (glycerol, 2 fatty
✅✅
acids - 1 saturated and unsaturated, phosphate group), steroids (4 fused
carbon rings), cholestrol and sex hormones - -What is the function of
lipids and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give
examples of the monomers and polymers it forms.
- convert to usable energy, energy storage (2K calories), structural material
(for balancing water level in plants)
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1), monomer - monosaccharides,
✅✅
polymers - polysaccharides
- glucose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose - -What is the function
of carbohydrates and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)?
Give examples of the monomers and polymers it forms.
- involved in almost everything - enzymes (lower activation energy),
structure (keratin, collagen), carries and transports (membrane channels),
receptors and binding (defense, antibodies), contraction (actin and myosin),
signalling (hormones)
- monomer - amino acids (20) [carbon, amino group, carboxyl group (acid),
R group (side chain - variable group creates unique chemical properties of
the amino acid)], polymers - polypeptides; proteins can be 1 or more
polypeptide chains folded and bonded together; large and complex
molecules give it a 3d shape
, ✅✅
-egg, jello, meat - -What is the function of proteins and components
(building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give examples of the monomers
and polymers it forms.
- store and transmit hereditary information (egg/sperm, making proteins)
- nucleotides [3 part - nitrogen base {purines - Adenine (A), Guanine (G) -
single ringed; pyrimidines - Cytosine (C), Thymine (T - DNA), Uracil (U -
RNA) - double ringed)} , pentose sugar (5 carbon - ribose in RNA and
✅✅
deoxyribose in DNA, phosphate group (PO4 group)]
- RNA and DNA - -What is the function of nucleic acids and
components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give examples of the
monomers and polymers it forms.
- water attracts to itself
- water attracts to anything charged
- most important - uneven sharing valence electrons, partial negative
charge near oxygen atom + 2 partial positive charge near hydrogen atom
- large amount of heat to change from liquid to gas, evaporating off skin to
cool
- polar makes good solvent for ionic and polar substances, hydrophilic
attracts to water, water molecules separate ionic bonds since surround by
H2O, essential for body - medium for metabolic process, allow dissolved
✅✅
reactants to collide and form products, dissolve waste products to be flush
out as urine - -Explain the properties of water, including cohesion,
adhesion, polarity, heat of vaporization and solvent properties?
✅✅
small, simple - no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, bacteria -
-Characteristics of prokaryote
✅✅
larger, complex - membrane bound organelles, nucleus,
plants/animals/fungi/protista - -Characteristics of eukaryote
✅✅
DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, contains ribosomes/cytoplasm/DNA/cell
membrane as organelles - -Characteristics of eukaryote and
prokaryote
- membrane compose of protein and lipid molecules
- outside layer of cell
- protects cell, regulate passage of material in and out of cell, act as a
✅✅
selective permeable membrane, allow cells to receive/transmit signals -
-What is the structure, location and function of plasma/cell
membrane?
- network of protein filaments (microfilaments and microtubules)
- in cytoplasm along cell membrane
, ✅✅
- provide shape and internal organization (protein filaments), movement -
-What is the structure, location and function of cytoskeleton?
- membrane enclosed
- in eukaryotic cells, central region of cell
- control center of cell - contains code to turn on/off genes, contain DNA
✅✅
and code instructions for making proteins and other molecules -
-What is the structure, location and function of nucleus?
- dense, nonmembranous body composed of protein and RNA
✅✅
- in nucleus/nuclei
- where ribosome assembly begins - -What is the structure, location
and function of nucleolus?
- internal membrane system - interconnected membrane bounded sacs and
canals, cylindrical
- evenly distributed in cytoplasm
✅✅
- collections of enzymes that perform tasks - synthesis of membrane (lipids)
and detox of drugs - -What is the structure, location and function of
smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
- internal membrane system - interconnected membrane bunded sacs
(vesicles) and canals, has ribosomes
- in cytoplasm close to nucleus and golgi
✅✅
- involved in protein synthesis, transports molecules from 1 cell part to
other - -What is the structure, location and function of rough
endoplasmic reticulum?
- stack of closely flattened spaced membranes sacs (like pancakes)
- near rough ER and nucleus
✅✅
- modify, sort and package proteins and other material from ER for storage
in cell/secretion outside cell ships proteins to final spot - -What is the
structure, location and function of golgi?
- small membranous sacs
- in cytoplasm
- full of digestive enzymes, break down lipids and carbohydrates and
✅✅
proteins to small molecules used by cell, breakdown organelles outlived
their usefulness - -What is the structure, location and function of
lysosomes?
- small particles of RNA and protein molecules
- attach to rough ER or in cytoplasm
✅✅
- form proteins - make and assembles on them through following mRNA
from nucleus - -What is the structure, location and function of
ribosomes?
✅✅-Define anatomy
study of structure and shape of body and its parts -
study of how body and parts work or function - ✅✅-Define physiology
✅✅
atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism - -What are the levels of organization from atom to
organism?
- nucleus (p + n), electrons orbit
✅✅
-p+n
-p- -What is the structure of an atom? What does atomic mass
represent? What does atomic number represent?
✅✅
can form 4 covalent bonds - bond to self to form long chains, single,
double, triple - -What makes carbon so important in organic
molecules?
✅✅
NHCOPS - nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur -
-What are the 6 most common elements in the human body?
- ionic - attraction between ions (charged), 1 atom electron doesn't always
be the electron gained
- covalent - share valence electrons, can form single/double/triple bonds
- hydrogen - attraction between polar molecules, weak bonds, holds DNA
✅✅
and other molecules together, stabilize proteins, also known as electrostatic
bonds - -What are the 3 major types of bonds and their differences?
Be able to illustrate and explain examples of all 3.
- charged particle, formed as result of ionic bonding
- form from 1 atom gives up electron to air and 1 atom attracts an electron
from the air (not necessarily the same electron)
✅✅
- cation
- anion - -What is an ion? How do they form? What is the term that
refers to a positive ion? A negative ion?
- variants of an element which has different number of neutrons
- subtract atomic mass and atomic number/protons
✅✅
- used in nuclear medicine to target cancer cells and in imaging studies -
-What is an isotope? How do you determine the number of neutrons
in an isotope? What are some uses of isotopes in medicine?
acidity or alkalinity/base of a substance - ✅✅-What does pH measure?
- releases H+ ions in water, high concentration of H+ ions
- 0-6
,- sour, react with metals - ✅✅
-Explain acids in terms of H+ concentration.
What are their pH ranges? What are characteristics of acids?
- attracts H+ ions when placed in water, low concentration of H+ ions
✅✅
- 8-14
- bitter, slippery in feel (soap) - -Explain bases in terms of H+
concentration. What are their pH ranges? What are characteristics of
bases?
✅✅
load/unload H+ ions to keep pH balance and to prevent pH swings -
-What is the function of buffers?
lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids - ✅✅-What are the 4 major
macromolecules?
- energy storage (very rich, 2 times the energy then carbohydrates),
cushion organs, insulates body (such as whale blubber)
- carbon, hydrogen, and few oxygen which creates long hydrocarbon
chains (glycerol and fatty acid (long hydrocarbon "tail" with COOH group at
the "head") chains through dehydration synthesis)
- triglyceride (fat of 3 fatty acids link to glycerol), saturated fat (bonded C to
H w/ no C=C double bonds), unsaturated fat (C=C double bonds in fatty
acid), plant and fish fats, vegetable oils, phospholipids (glycerol, 2 fatty
✅✅
acids - 1 saturated and unsaturated, phosphate group), steroids (4 fused
carbon rings), cholestrol and sex hormones - -What is the function of
lipids and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give
examples of the monomers and polymers it forms.
- convert to usable energy, energy storage (2K calories), structural material
(for balancing water level in plants)
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1), monomer - monosaccharides,
✅✅
polymers - polysaccharides
- glucose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose - -What is the function
of carbohydrates and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)?
Give examples of the monomers and polymers it forms.
- involved in almost everything - enzymes (lower activation energy),
structure (keratin, collagen), carries and transports (membrane channels),
receptors and binding (defense, antibodies), contraction (actin and myosin),
signalling (hormones)
- monomer - amino acids (20) [carbon, amino group, carboxyl group (acid),
R group (side chain - variable group creates unique chemical properties of
the amino acid)], polymers - polypeptides; proteins can be 1 or more
polypeptide chains folded and bonded together; large and complex
molecules give it a 3d shape
, ✅✅
-egg, jello, meat - -What is the function of proteins and components
(building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give examples of the monomers
and polymers it forms.
- store and transmit hereditary information (egg/sperm, making proteins)
- nucleotides [3 part - nitrogen base {purines - Adenine (A), Guanine (G) -
single ringed; pyrimidines - Cytosine (C), Thymine (T - DNA), Uracil (U -
RNA) - double ringed)} , pentose sugar (5 carbon - ribose in RNA and
✅✅
deoxyribose in DNA, phosphate group (PO4 group)]
- RNA and DNA - -What is the function of nucleic acids and
components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give examples of the
monomers and polymers it forms.
- water attracts to itself
- water attracts to anything charged
- most important - uneven sharing valence electrons, partial negative
charge near oxygen atom + 2 partial positive charge near hydrogen atom
- large amount of heat to change from liquid to gas, evaporating off skin to
cool
- polar makes good solvent for ionic and polar substances, hydrophilic
attracts to water, water molecules separate ionic bonds since surround by
H2O, essential for body - medium for metabolic process, allow dissolved
✅✅
reactants to collide and form products, dissolve waste products to be flush
out as urine - -Explain the properties of water, including cohesion,
adhesion, polarity, heat of vaporization and solvent properties?
✅✅
small, simple - no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, bacteria -
-Characteristics of prokaryote
✅✅
larger, complex - membrane bound organelles, nucleus,
plants/animals/fungi/protista - -Characteristics of eukaryote
✅✅
DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, contains ribosomes/cytoplasm/DNA/cell
membrane as organelles - -Characteristics of eukaryote and
prokaryote
- membrane compose of protein and lipid molecules
- outside layer of cell
- protects cell, regulate passage of material in and out of cell, act as a
✅✅
selective permeable membrane, allow cells to receive/transmit signals -
-What is the structure, location and function of plasma/cell
membrane?
- network of protein filaments (microfilaments and microtubules)
- in cytoplasm along cell membrane
, ✅✅
- provide shape and internal organization (protein filaments), movement -
-What is the structure, location and function of cytoskeleton?
- membrane enclosed
- in eukaryotic cells, central region of cell
- control center of cell - contains code to turn on/off genes, contain DNA
✅✅
and code instructions for making proteins and other molecules -
-What is the structure, location and function of nucleus?
- dense, nonmembranous body composed of protein and RNA
✅✅
- in nucleus/nuclei
- where ribosome assembly begins - -What is the structure, location
and function of nucleolus?
- internal membrane system - interconnected membrane bounded sacs and
canals, cylindrical
- evenly distributed in cytoplasm
✅✅
- collections of enzymes that perform tasks - synthesis of membrane (lipids)
and detox of drugs - -What is the structure, location and function of
smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
- internal membrane system - interconnected membrane bunded sacs
(vesicles) and canals, has ribosomes
- in cytoplasm close to nucleus and golgi
✅✅
- involved in protein synthesis, transports molecules from 1 cell part to
other - -What is the structure, location and function of rough
endoplasmic reticulum?
- stack of closely flattened spaced membranes sacs (like pancakes)
- near rough ER and nucleus
✅✅
- modify, sort and package proteins and other material from ER for storage
in cell/secretion outside cell ships proteins to final spot - -What is the
structure, location and function of golgi?
- small membranous sacs
- in cytoplasm
- full of digestive enzymes, break down lipids and carbohydrates and
✅✅
proteins to small molecules used by cell, breakdown organelles outlived
their usefulness - -What is the structure, location and function of
lysosomes?
- small particles of RNA and protein molecules
- attach to rough ER or in cytoplasm
✅✅
- form proteins - make and assembles on them through following mRNA
from nucleus - -What is the structure, location and function of
ribosomes?
