What is pathophysiology? - ANSWER"...the study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that
result from disease processes." (Gould, 2006)
"... the study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body's function." (Copstead & Banasik, 2005)
Explain the differences between pathology and pathophysiology. - ANSWERPathology = "... the
laboratory study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease" (Gould, 2006)
Cellular changes may cause functional disturbance, so pathology = a component of pathophysiology
Homeostasis - ANSWERHumans are continually in an internal state of self-regulation and self-
adjustment
Results in a relatively stable internal environment = dynamic steady state
Most homeostatic control mechanisms operate based on negative feedback
Homeostasis - Negative Feedback - ANSWERControl mechanism for particular body function senses a
deviation from normal
Controller opposes/negates the deviation and brings back to normal level
If disease present: the "sensor" or "controller" may not operate effectively
Disease and Illness
Involves __________
,Is a dynamic process due to:
1)
2) - ANSWERInvolves a disruption of homeostasis
Is a dynamic process due to:
1) Interaction between injury and reaction to injury
2) Signs and symptoms may change daily based on compensatory mechanisms and shift in biological
equilibrium
Characteristics of Disease - ANSWERChanges occur at cellular level (pathology) which...
Result in changes at the organ level (pathophysiology)
Disease is the sum of deviations from normal, not the abnormal state in and of itself (Copstead and
Banasik, 2005)
Process of Disease Manifestation - ANSWERPresence of an infectious agent is detected
Infectious agent causes changes at cellular and organ level = alters homeostasis
These changes present as signs and symptoms, which are also impacted by external factors
All of these deviations from normal together = DISEASE
Framework for Pathophysiology
To understand a disease, need to consider three aspects of the disease process:
,1)
2)
3) - ANSWER1) Etiology: cause
2) Pathogenesis: how the disease develops
3) Clinical manifestations: functional consequences of altered homeostasis
Etiology - ANSWERThe causative factors of a disease, illness, or injury
Idiopathic - ANSWERThe cause of a condition is unknown
Iatrogenic - ANSWERThe cause of a condition is due to medical treatment or error
(Ex: bladder infection after catheterization)
There are many types of causative factors; one or more than one may be present depending on the
condition - ANSWERGenetics
Viruses
Bacteria
Degenerative changes
Classification of Disease - ANSWERIntrinsic or Extrinsic (Physical Agents or Infectious)
Classification of Disease - Intrinsic - ANSWERInherited
Congenital
Metabolic
Degenerative
Neoplastic
Immunologic
, Nutritional Deficiency
Psychogenic
Classification of Disease - Extrinsic (Physical Agents) - ANSWERForce
Temperature
Humidity
Radiation
Electricity
Chemicals
Iatrogenic
Classification of Disease - Extrinsic (Infectious) - ANSWERPathogenic organisms
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Pathogenic animals
Insects
Worms
Pathogenesis - ANSWERHow a disease develops or evolves
= sequence of the disease
Pathogenesis
Will vary based on:
1)
2) - ANSWER1) Causal agent
result from disease processes." (Gould, 2006)
"... the study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body's function." (Copstead & Banasik, 2005)
Explain the differences between pathology and pathophysiology. - ANSWERPathology = "... the
laboratory study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease" (Gould, 2006)
Cellular changes may cause functional disturbance, so pathology = a component of pathophysiology
Homeostasis - ANSWERHumans are continually in an internal state of self-regulation and self-
adjustment
Results in a relatively stable internal environment = dynamic steady state
Most homeostatic control mechanisms operate based on negative feedback
Homeostasis - Negative Feedback - ANSWERControl mechanism for particular body function senses a
deviation from normal
Controller opposes/negates the deviation and brings back to normal level
If disease present: the "sensor" or "controller" may not operate effectively
Disease and Illness
Involves __________
,Is a dynamic process due to:
1)
2) - ANSWERInvolves a disruption of homeostasis
Is a dynamic process due to:
1) Interaction between injury and reaction to injury
2) Signs and symptoms may change daily based on compensatory mechanisms and shift in biological
equilibrium
Characteristics of Disease - ANSWERChanges occur at cellular level (pathology) which...
Result in changes at the organ level (pathophysiology)
Disease is the sum of deviations from normal, not the abnormal state in and of itself (Copstead and
Banasik, 2005)
Process of Disease Manifestation - ANSWERPresence of an infectious agent is detected
Infectious agent causes changes at cellular and organ level = alters homeostasis
These changes present as signs and symptoms, which are also impacted by external factors
All of these deviations from normal together = DISEASE
Framework for Pathophysiology
To understand a disease, need to consider three aspects of the disease process:
,1)
2)
3) - ANSWER1) Etiology: cause
2) Pathogenesis: how the disease develops
3) Clinical manifestations: functional consequences of altered homeostasis
Etiology - ANSWERThe causative factors of a disease, illness, or injury
Idiopathic - ANSWERThe cause of a condition is unknown
Iatrogenic - ANSWERThe cause of a condition is due to medical treatment or error
(Ex: bladder infection after catheterization)
There are many types of causative factors; one or more than one may be present depending on the
condition - ANSWERGenetics
Viruses
Bacteria
Degenerative changes
Classification of Disease - ANSWERIntrinsic or Extrinsic (Physical Agents or Infectious)
Classification of Disease - Intrinsic - ANSWERInherited
Congenital
Metabolic
Degenerative
Neoplastic
Immunologic
, Nutritional Deficiency
Psychogenic
Classification of Disease - Extrinsic (Physical Agents) - ANSWERForce
Temperature
Humidity
Radiation
Electricity
Chemicals
Iatrogenic
Classification of Disease - Extrinsic (Infectious) - ANSWERPathogenic organisms
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Pathogenic animals
Insects
Worms
Pathogenesis - ANSWERHow a disease develops or evolves
= sequence of the disease
Pathogenesis
Will vary based on:
1)
2) - ANSWER1) Causal agent
