Acute renal failure - ANSWERReversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are
functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - ANSWERDiagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to
cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - ANSWERGoals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - ANSWERChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function
associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor),
systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
, Who is a candidate for dialysis? - ANSWEREnd-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with
the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for
dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include
salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - ANSWERThere is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - ANSWERThere is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - ANSWERThere is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - ANSWERThere is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - ANSWERKidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney
transplant
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are
functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - ANSWERDiagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to
cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - ANSWERGoals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - ANSWERChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function
associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor),
systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
, Who is a candidate for dialysis? - ANSWEREnd-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with
the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for
dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include
salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - ANSWERThere is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - ANSWERThere is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - ANSWERThere is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - ANSWERThere is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - ANSWERKidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney
transplant
