NKU BIO 669 TEST 3 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION TEST 2026 FULL SOLUTION
QUESTIONS GRADED A+
●● Chloroplast structure (parts of the organelle where photosynthesis
happens).
Answer: Outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space,
stroma, thylakoids, thylakoid space, grana.
●● Photosynthesis summary equation (overall chemical reaction).
Answer: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
●● Redox reactions in photosynthesis (electron transfer that drives
energy flow).
Answer: Water loses electrons (oxidation), CO₂ gains electrons
(reduction to sugar).
●● Stages of photosynthesis (two main steps and where they occur).
Answer: Light reactions: thylakoid membranes → make ATP, NADPH,
O₂
Calvin cycle: stroma → builds sugar
●● Light reaction equation (what is produced from light energy).
,Answer: H₂O + light → O₂ + ATP + NADPH
●● Calvin cycle equation (how CO₂ is turned into sugar using energy).
Answer: CO₂ + ATP + NADPH → G3P (sugar building block)
●● Visible light wavelengths (range of light plants use).
Answer: 400-700 nm
●● Red vs blue light wavelengths (colors most used in photosynthesis).
Answer: Red: ~600-700 nm Blue: ~400-500 nm
●● Wavelength vs energy (relationship between light size and power).
Answer: Shorter wavelength = higher energy.
●● Spectrophotometer (device that measures light absorption).
Answer: Measures how much light a pigment absorbs at each
wavelength.
●● Carotenoids (accessory pigments that protect chlorophyll).
Answer: Absorb excess light and prevent damage.
●● Best wavelengths for photosynthesis (light colors most effective).
, Answer: Blue and red light.
●● Chlorophyll a absorption (what happens when it absorbs light).
Answer: -In solution: releases energy as heat/light
-In chloroplast: excites electron for photosynthesis
●● P700 / P680 (reaction center chlorophyll names).
Answer: Chlorophyll in PSI (700 nm) and PSII (680 nm).
●● Photosystem parts (components that capture and transfer light
energy).
Answer: -Light-harvesting complex: absorbs light
=Reaction center: transfers electrons
-Primary electron acceptor: captures electrons
●● Linear electron flow (electron path that makes ATP + NADPH + O₂).
Answer: H₂O → PSII → ETC → PSI → NADPH
●● Cyclic electron flow (electron path that only makes ATP).
Answer: PSI electrons cycle back through ETC → ATP only
●● Electron replacement (how lost electrons are replaced in PSII).
EVALUATION TEST 2026 FULL SOLUTION
QUESTIONS GRADED A+
●● Chloroplast structure (parts of the organelle where photosynthesis
happens).
Answer: Outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space,
stroma, thylakoids, thylakoid space, grana.
●● Photosynthesis summary equation (overall chemical reaction).
Answer: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
●● Redox reactions in photosynthesis (electron transfer that drives
energy flow).
Answer: Water loses electrons (oxidation), CO₂ gains electrons
(reduction to sugar).
●● Stages of photosynthesis (two main steps and where they occur).
Answer: Light reactions: thylakoid membranes → make ATP, NADPH,
O₂
Calvin cycle: stroma → builds sugar
●● Light reaction equation (what is produced from light energy).
,Answer: H₂O + light → O₂ + ATP + NADPH
●● Calvin cycle equation (how CO₂ is turned into sugar using energy).
Answer: CO₂ + ATP + NADPH → G3P (sugar building block)
●● Visible light wavelengths (range of light plants use).
Answer: 400-700 nm
●● Red vs blue light wavelengths (colors most used in photosynthesis).
Answer: Red: ~600-700 nm Blue: ~400-500 nm
●● Wavelength vs energy (relationship between light size and power).
Answer: Shorter wavelength = higher energy.
●● Spectrophotometer (device that measures light absorption).
Answer: Measures how much light a pigment absorbs at each
wavelength.
●● Carotenoids (accessory pigments that protect chlorophyll).
Answer: Absorb excess light and prevent damage.
●● Best wavelengths for photosynthesis (light colors most effective).
, Answer: Blue and red light.
●● Chlorophyll a absorption (what happens when it absorbs light).
Answer: -In solution: releases energy as heat/light
-In chloroplast: excites electron for photosynthesis
●● P700 / P680 (reaction center chlorophyll names).
Answer: Chlorophyll in PSI (700 nm) and PSII (680 nm).
●● Photosystem parts (components that capture and transfer light
energy).
Answer: -Light-harvesting complex: absorbs light
=Reaction center: transfers electrons
-Primary electron acceptor: captures electrons
●● Linear electron flow (electron path that makes ATP + NADPH + O₂).
Answer: H₂O → PSII → ETC → PSI → NADPH
●● Cyclic electron flow (electron path that only makes ATP).
Answer: PSI electrons cycle back through ETC → ATP only
●● Electron replacement (how lost electrons are replaced in PSII).
