Crime and Antisocial Beh: 8 Question
and answers already passed
2025/2026
Biosocial interactions - Raine (2002) - correct answer ✔In a statistical analysis examining antisocial or
violent behaviour as the main outcome, when groups are formed based on variations on the biological
and social factors, then the presence of both risk factors exponentially (in a multiplicative /synergistic
fashion) increases the rates of the outcome (antisocial violent behaviour).
Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behaviour in children and adults: a review (Raine, 2002) -
correct answer ✔39 studies documenting empirical examples of interaction effects within the areas of
genetics psychophysiology, obstetrics, brain imaging, neuro psychology and neurology, hormones,
neurotransmitters and environmental toxins.
High rates of violence, crime, academic problems and behavioural problems in males with both early
neuro deficits and unstable family environments (Raine, 2003) - correct answer ✔Danish sample: 397
male subjects age 23.
Measures: obstetric and early neuromotor data collected in the first year of life, family social
demographic and behavioural data at age 17-19 years, criminal data at 20-22 years of age.
Cluster analysis - a more data driven approach asking within the data are there different sub groups
which can be identified.
High rates of violence, crime, academic problems and behavioural problems in males with both early
neuro deficits and unstable family environments (Raine, 2003) RESULTS - correct answer ✔Three
groups were identified through cluster analysis. The biosocial, obstetric and poverty. He measured the
percentages of these members of the groups who become thieves and violent criminal offenders by age
20 to 22 years and compare this to total crime too.
There was a fourth group which scored very low on all of these factors. (social and biological factors that
relate to possible criminal behaviour e.g. poverty, marital conflict, maternal rejection, pregnancy
, complications, birth complications, non-maturity). Biosocial had more than 14 times the rate of total
crime than the control group and accounted for 70% of all crimes committed in the cohort - small risk
factor accounts for most of the crime same as in society.
Integrating biological and social processes in relation to early onset persistent aggression in boys and
girls (Brennan, 2003) - correct answer ✔Age 5 assessment follow to age 15.
Sample - 370, fairly large.
Early onset persistent, those who showed ASB at age 5 and 15.
High social and high biological risk factors most likely to be on the path of starting early and persisting
with aggression.
Moderating effective gender found. For girls cumulative social risk factors were more important than
biological. Biological risk factors on their interaction did not significantly differentiate these aggressive
behaviour patterns.
Low heart rate as a risk factor for child and adolescent proactive aggressive and impulsive psychopathic
behaviour (Raine, 2014) - correct answer ✔Resting heart rate was assessed in 334 Hong Kong male and
female school children aged 11-17 years.
High resting heart rate - environment didn't matter but for low resting heart rate high levels of adversity
were more likely to show high levels of reactive aggression and impulsivity = multifinality.
Testosterone, antisocial behaviour and social dominance in boys: pubertal development and social
interaction (Rowe, 2004) - correct answer ✔High levels of testosterone if they have a deviant peers are
twice as likely to have non-aggressive CD symptoms.
High levels of testosterone with low levels of deviant peers more likely to score higher on leadership.
Similar biological risk factor but the environment will determine if you go down a more antisocial or
more prosocial path = multifinality.
The social push perspective - correct answer ✔Under this perspective, where an antisocial child lacks
social factors that partial predisposed him/her antisocial behaviour, then biological factors mean more
likely explain antisocial behaviour (Raine, 2002)
and answers already passed
2025/2026
Biosocial interactions - Raine (2002) - correct answer ✔In a statistical analysis examining antisocial or
violent behaviour as the main outcome, when groups are formed based on variations on the biological
and social factors, then the presence of both risk factors exponentially (in a multiplicative /synergistic
fashion) increases the rates of the outcome (antisocial violent behaviour).
Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behaviour in children and adults: a review (Raine, 2002) -
correct answer ✔39 studies documenting empirical examples of interaction effects within the areas of
genetics psychophysiology, obstetrics, brain imaging, neuro psychology and neurology, hormones,
neurotransmitters and environmental toxins.
High rates of violence, crime, academic problems and behavioural problems in males with both early
neuro deficits and unstable family environments (Raine, 2003) - correct answer ✔Danish sample: 397
male subjects age 23.
Measures: obstetric and early neuromotor data collected in the first year of life, family social
demographic and behavioural data at age 17-19 years, criminal data at 20-22 years of age.
Cluster analysis - a more data driven approach asking within the data are there different sub groups
which can be identified.
High rates of violence, crime, academic problems and behavioural problems in males with both early
neuro deficits and unstable family environments (Raine, 2003) RESULTS - correct answer ✔Three
groups were identified through cluster analysis. The biosocial, obstetric and poverty. He measured the
percentages of these members of the groups who become thieves and violent criminal offenders by age
20 to 22 years and compare this to total crime too.
There was a fourth group which scored very low on all of these factors. (social and biological factors that
relate to possible criminal behaviour e.g. poverty, marital conflict, maternal rejection, pregnancy
, complications, birth complications, non-maturity). Biosocial had more than 14 times the rate of total
crime than the control group and accounted for 70% of all crimes committed in the cohort - small risk
factor accounts for most of the crime same as in society.
Integrating biological and social processes in relation to early onset persistent aggression in boys and
girls (Brennan, 2003) - correct answer ✔Age 5 assessment follow to age 15.
Sample - 370, fairly large.
Early onset persistent, those who showed ASB at age 5 and 15.
High social and high biological risk factors most likely to be on the path of starting early and persisting
with aggression.
Moderating effective gender found. For girls cumulative social risk factors were more important than
biological. Biological risk factors on their interaction did not significantly differentiate these aggressive
behaviour patterns.
Low heart rate as a risk factor for child and adolescent proactive aggressive and impulsive psychopathic
behaviour (Raine, 2014) - correct answer ✔Resting heart rate was assessed in 334 Hong Kong male and
female school children aged 11-17 years.
High resting heart rate - environment didn't matter but for low resting heart rate high levels of adversity
were more likely to show high levels of reactive aggression and impulsivity = multifinality.
Testosterone, antisocial behaviour and social dominance in boys: pubertal development and social
interaction (Rowe, 2004) - correct answer ✔High levels of testosterone if they have a deviant peers are
twice as likely to have non-aggressive CD symptoms.
High levels of testosterone with low levels of deviant peers more likely to score higher on leadership.
Similar biological risk factor but the environment will determine if you go down a more antisocial or
more prosocial path = multifinality.
The social push perspective - correct answer ✔Under this perspective, where an antisocial child lacks
social factors that partial predisposed him/her antisocial behaviour, then biological factors mean more
likely explain antisocial behaviour (Raine, 2002)
