FAGD EXAM – ORTHODONTICS | QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS |2026
Maxillary fixed bilateral space maintainer is also known as? - Answers - Nance
appliance
If both primary canines were present, what appliance could be used in place of a Nance
appliance (maxillary fixed bilateral space maintainer)? - Answers - Band and loop
(bilateral)
What situation is a Nance appliance appropriate for? - Answers - Premature bilateral
loss of maxillary primary teeth
What are the 4 properties of ideal wire material? - Answers - 1. High strength
2. Low stiffness
3. High working range
4. High formability
Stainless steel wire characteristics - Answers - - good mechanical properties
- excellent corrosion resistance
- low cost
- highest modulus of elasticity
- lowest spring back
- 18% chromium, 8% nickel
Stainless steel vs nickel titanium orthodontic wires - Answers - Stainless steel has a
high modulus of elasticity and a lower resilience
NiTi orthodontic wire characteristics - Answers - Offer a highly desirable combination of
low modulus of elasticity and extremely wide working range
Benefits of the Hawley retainer? - Answers - - palatal coverage makes it possible to
incorporate a bite plant lingual to the upper incisors to control bite depth
-
What is the major source of anchorage in a Hawley appliance? - Answers - Palatal
coverage
Prior to direct bonding, ________ is used as an etching agent. Prior to placing bands,
________ is used as an etching agent? - Answers - 35-50% unbuffered phosphoric acid
Nothing
, Indications for using bands instead of banded brackets? (4) - Answers - 1. To provide
better anchorage for greater tooth movement
2. For teeth that will need both lingual and labial attachment
3. Teeth with short clinical crowns
4 Tooth surfaces that are incompatible with successful bonding
What is the "anchorage value" of any tooth? - Answers - It is roughly equivalent to its
root surface area (the same as the periodontal ligament area)
What are the 5 anchorage types? - Answers - 1. Reciprocal tooth movement: is
produced when two teeth or resistance units of equal size are moved against each other
and move the same amount toward or away from each other.
2. Reinforced anchorage: is accomplished by adding additional teeth to the unit to
distribute the force over a larger root surface area in the anchorage unit. Note: Another
method for reinforcing anchorage would be to add an extraoral force such as headgear
or interarch elastics.
3. Stationary anchorage: displacement of anchor teeth can be minimized by arranging
the force system so that anchor teeth must move bodily (translation) if at all, while
movement teeth are allowed to tip. This approach is called "stationary anchorage."
4. Cortical anchorage: anchor teeth roots are moved into cortical bone which resorbs
more slowly than does medullary bone. This situation may be encountered at an old
extraction site, it can be almost impossible to close such an extraction site, because
tooth movement is slowed to a minimum as the roots encounter cortical bone along the
resorbed alveolar ridge.
5. Implants for anchorage: implants can serve as anchorage for holding or moving teeth.
The implant (if stable) will not move because it has no PDL
Cervical-pull headgear - Answers - consists of a cervical neck strap (as anchorage) and
a standard facebow inserting into the headgear tubes of the maxillary first molar
attachments.
The objectives of treatment with these types of headgear are to restrict anterior growth
of the maxilla and to distalize and erupt maxillary molars.
A major disadvantage of treatment using cervical headgear is possible extrusion of the
maxillary molars. Likely results include: opening the bite, first molars will move distally
and forward growth of the maxilla will decrease.
Indications: Class II malocclusions with deep bite
High-pull headgear - Answers - Consists of a high-pull headstrap and a standard
facebow inserting into the headgear tubes of the maxillary first molar attachments.
ANSWERS |2026
Maxillary fixed bilateral space maintainer is also known as? - Answers - Nance
appliance
If both primary canines were present, what appliance could be used in place of a Nance
appliance (maxillary fixed bilateral space maintainer)? - Answers - Band and loop
(bilateral)
What situation is a Nance appliance appropriate for? - Answers - Premature bilateral
loss of maxillary primary teeth
What are the 4 properties of ideal wire material? - Answers - 1. High strength
2. Low stiffness
3. High working range
4. High formability
Stainless steel wire characteristics - Answers - - good mechanical properties
- excellent corrosion resistance
- low cost
- highest modulus of elasticity
- lowest spring back
- 18% chromium, 8% nickel
Stainless steel vs nickel titanium orthodontic wires - Answers - Stainless steel has a
high modulus of elasticity and a lower resilience
NiTi orthodontic wire characteristics - Answers - Offer a highly desirable combination of
low modulus of elasticity and extremely wide working range
Benefits of the Hawley retainer? - Answers - - palatal coverage makes it possible to
incorporate a bite plant lingual to the upper incisors to control bite depth
-
What is the major source of anchorage in a Hawley appliance? - Answers - Palatal
coverage
Prior to direct bonding, ________ is used as an etching agent. Prior to placing bands,
________ is used as an etching agent? - Answers - 35-50% unbuffered phosphoric acid
Nothing
, Indications for using bands instead of banded brackets? (4) - Answers - 1. To provide
better anchorage for greater tooth movement
2. For teeth that will need both lingual and labial attachment
3. Teeth with short clinical crowns
4 Tooth surfaces that are incompatible with successful bonding
What is the "anchorage value" of any tooth? - Answers - It is roughly equivalent to its
root surface area (the same as the periodontal ligament area)
What are the 5 anchorage types? - Answers - 1. Reciprocal tooth movement: is
produced when two teeth or resistance units of equal size are moved against each other
and move the same amount toward or away from each other.
2. Reinforced anchorage: is accomplished by adding additional teeth to the unit to
distribute the force over a larger root surface area in the anchorage unit. Note: Another
method for reinforcing anchorage would be to add an extraoral force such as headgear
or interarch elastics.
3. Stationary anchorage: displacement of anchor teeth can be minimized by arranging
the force system so that anchor teeth must move bodily (translation) if at all, while
movement teeth are allowed to tip. This approach is called "stationary anchorage."
4. Cortical anchorage: anchor teeth roots are moved into cortical bone which resorbs
more slowly than does medullary bone. This situation may be encountered at an old
extraction site, it can be almost impossible to close such an extraction site, because
tooth movement is slowed to a minimum as the roots encounter cortical bone along the
resorbed alveolar ridge.
5. Implants for anchorage: implants can serve as anchorage for holding or moving teeth.
The implant (if stable) will not move because it has no PDL
Cervical-pull headgear - Answers - consists of a cervical neck strap (as anchorage) and
a standard facebow inserting into the headgear tubes of the maxillary first molar
attachments.
The objectives of treatment with these types of headgear are to restrict anterior growth
of the maxilla and to distalize and erupt maxillary molars.
A major disadvantage of treatment using cervical headgear is possible extrusion of the
maxillary molars. Likely results include: opening the bite, first molars will move distally
and forward growth of the maxilla will decrease.
Indications: Class II malocclusions with deep bite
High-pull headgear - Answers - Consists of a high-pull headstrap and a standard
facebow inserting into the headgear tubes of the maxillary first molar attachments.
