Revision tool // Pharmacology: Pharmacology Basics // 90+ questions and answers // Test Bank.

What is pharmacology and why is it important in healthcare practice? ️️ Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their origins, effects, mechanisms, and uses in living organisms. It is important because it helps healthcare professionals understand how medicines treat diseases safely and effectively. How does a drug differ from a medicine in pharmacology basics? ️️ A drug is any chemical substance that affects the body’s function, while a medicine is a drug specifically prepared and used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease. What is meant by pharmacokinetics in simple pharmacology terms? ️️ Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates a drug over time. What does pharmacodynamics refer to in drug action? ️️ Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs affect the body, including their mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects. What is drug absorption in pharmacology? ️️ Drug absorption is the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its site of administration. Why is drug distribution important after absorption? ️️ Drug distribution is important because it determines how the drug spreads through body tissues and reaches its target site. What role does metabolism play in pharmacology? ️️ Metabolism transforms drugs into more water-soluble forms, mainly in the liver, to make them easier to eliminate. What is drug excretion in pharmacological processes? ️️ Drug excretion is the removal of drugs or their metabolites from the body, mainly through urine or feces. What is the first-pass effect in oral drug administration? ️️ The first-pass effect is when a drug is metabolized in the liver before it reaches systemic circulation, reducing its effectiveness. 2 What is meant by drug half-life? ️️ Drug half-life is the time required for the concentration of a drug in the blood to reduce by half. What is the therapeutic effect of a drug? ️️ The therapeutic effect is the intended beneficial outcome of a drug in treating a condition. What is a side effect in pharmacology? ️️ A side effect is an unintended but usually predictable effect of a drug that occurs at normal doses. What is an adverse drug reaction? ️️ An adverse drug reaction is a harmful and unintended response to a medication at normal doses. What is drug tolerance? ️️ Drug tolerance occurs when a patient needs higher doses of a drug over time to achieve the same effect. What is drug dependence? ️️ Drug dependence is a condition where the body relies on a drug to function normally, leading to withdrawal symptoms if stopped. What is drug interaction? ️️ Drug interaction occurs when one drug affects the activity of another drug, either increasing or decreasing its effect. What is the difference between generic and brand-name drugs? ️️ A generic drug contains the same active ingredient as a brand-name drug but is usually cheaper and marketed under its chemical name. What is a placebo in pharmacology studies? ️️ A placebo is an inactive substance used in clinical trials to compare against the effects of real drugs. What is meant by drug receptor? ️️ A drug receptor is a specific target site, usually a protein, where a drug binds to produce its effect. What is an agonist drug? ️️ An agonist is a drug that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a biological response. 3 What is an antagonist drug? ️️ An antagonist is a drug that binds to a receptor but blocks or reduces its activity. What is bioavailability of a drug? ️️ Bioavailability is the proportion of a drug that enters circulation and is available to produce an effect. What is intravenous drug administration? ️️ Intravenous administration delivers a drug directly into the bloodstream for immediate effect. What is oral drug administration? ️️ Oral administration involves swallowing a drug so it is absorbed through the digestive system. What is sublingual drug administration? ️️ Sublingual administration places a drug under the tongue for rapid absorption into the bloodstream. What is topical drug administration? ️️ Topical administration involves applying a drug to the skin or mucous membranes for local effect. What is intramuscular injection? ️️ Intramuscular injection delivers a drug deep into muscle tissue for faster absorption than oral routes. What is subcutaneous injection? ️️ Subcutaneous injection delivers a drug into the fatty layer under the skin for slow, sustained absorption. What is the importance of dosage in pharmacology? ️️ Dosage determines the amount of drug needed to achieve a therapeutic effect without causing toxicity. What is drug toxicity? ️️ Drug toxicity occurs when a drug concentration becomes harmful to the body. What is the difference between acute and chronic drug toxicity? ️️ Acute toxicity occurs after a single or short exposure, while chronic toxicity develops after long-term exposure. What is a loading dose? ️️ A loading dose is an initial higher dose of a drug given to quickly achieve therapeutic levels. 4 What is a maintenance dose?