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Elementary Linear Algebra (6th Edition) – Complete PDF Textbook & Study Resource

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This document is the PDF version of Elementary Linear Algebra (6th Edition), a foundational mathematics textbook covering core topics in linear algebra. It includes essential concepts such as matrices, vector spaces, systems of linear equations, and linear transformations. The resource is widely used in undergraduate STEM programs to support both theoretical understanding and practical problem-solving. It serves as a comprehensive reference for coursework and exam preparation.

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Institution
Elementary Linear Algebra
Course
Elementary Linear Algebra

Content preview

ELEMENTARY

LINEAR ALGEBRA




K. R. MATTHEWS



DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS




UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND




Corrected Version, 10th February 2010

Comments to the author at

,Contents

1 LINEAR EQUATIONS 1
1.1 Introduction to linear equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Solving linear equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 The Gauss–Jordan algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Systematic solution of linear systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Homogeneous systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.6 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2 MATRICES 23
2.1 Matrix arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Linear transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 Recurrence relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5 Non–singular matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.6 Least squares solution of equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.7 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3 SUBSPACES 55
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2 Subspaces of F n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 Linear dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4 Basis of a subspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.5 Rank and nullity of a matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.6 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

4 DETERMINANTS 71
4.1 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

i

,5 COMPLEX NUMBERS 89
5.1 Constructing the complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2 Calculating with complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.3 Geometric representation of C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.4 Complex conjugate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.5 Modulus of a complex number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.6 Argument of a complex number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.7 De Moivre’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.8 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

6 EIGENVALUES AND EIGENVECTORS 115
6.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.2 Definitions and examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.3 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

7 Identifying second degree equations 129
7.1 The eigenvalue method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.2 A classification algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.3 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

8 THREE–DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 149
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
8.2 Three–dimensional space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.3 Dot product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8.4 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8.5 The angle between two vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
8.6 The cross–product of two vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
8.7 Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
8.8 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

9 FURTHER READING 189




ii

, List of Figures

1.1 Gauss–Jordan algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.1 Reflection in a line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 Projection on a line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4.1 Area of triangle OP Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

5.1 Complex addition and subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.2 Complex conjugate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3 Modulus of a complex number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.4 Apollonius circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.5 Argument of a complex number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.6 Argument examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.7 The nth roots of unity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.8 The roots of z n = a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

6.1 Rotating the axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

7.1 An ellipse example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.2 ellipse: standard form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.3 hyperbola: standard forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.4 parabola: standard forms (i) and (ii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.5 parabola: standard forms (iii) and (iv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.6 1st parabola example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.7 2nd parabola example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

8.1 Equality and addition of vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
8.2 Scalar multiplication of vectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.3 Representation of three–dimensional space . . . . . . . . . . . 155
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8.4 The vector AB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.5 The negative of a vector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

iii

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