MCB 100 Exam 2 Study Guide UPDATED ACTUAL Questions And Correct
Answers
C
Terms in this set (99)
What method is used to determine the genetic Comparison of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences.
relationship of all organisms?
What does a similarity in 16S rRNA gene sequences Organisms with more similar 16S rRNA gene sequences are more closely related.
indicate?
Why is the 16S rRNA gene considered an ideal 'molecular It is highly conserved and present in all organisms.
chronometer'?
Who discovered the Domain Archaea and proposed the Carl Woese in 1977.
Three-Domain System?
What are the three domains in the Three-Domain System? Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
What are the main differences between Prokarya and Prokarya lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while Eukarya have a
Eukarya? nucleus and complex organelles.
What are the characteristics of Gram-positive bacteria? Thick peptidoglycan layer, contains teichoic acids, and stains purple.
What defines Gram-negative bacteria? Thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane containing Lipid A, and stains pink/red.
What are the different shapes of bacteria? Cocci (spheres), Bacilli (rods), Clusters (Staphylococcus), Chains (Streptococcus),
Palisades, Spiral/Helical (Spirochetes), Curved rod (Vibrio).
What are the phases of bacterial growth curves? Lag, Log (exponential), Stationary, and Death phases.
What is the role of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in It holds the community together and protects against antibiotics.
biofilms?
What are the stages of bacterial complex life cycles? Planktonic, Swarming, Attachment, Aggregation, and Fruiting body.
What is sporulation in bacteria? The process of forming endospores, visualized using Light Microscopy and
Schaeffer-Fulton stain.
What are the three methods of horizontal gene transfer in Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation.
bacteria?
What is chemotaxis? The movement of bacteria in response to chemical gradients.
, What are the types of flagella arrangements? Monotrichous, Lophotrichous, Amphitrichous, and Peritrichous.
What are examples of extracellular bacterial pathogens? Propionibacterium acnes, Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Haemophilus influenzae.
What causes acne and what role does testosterone play? Acne is caused by P. acnes and S. epidermidis; testosterone increases sebum
production which fuels growth.
How does Helicobacter pylori contribute to gastritis and It uses urease to neutralize stomach acid, leading to gastritis and ulcers.
ulcers?
What is the significance of Vibrio cholerae in water-borne It is a major cause of global diarrheal disease cycles and is reduced by sari cloth
diseases? filtration.
What are some examples of intracellular pathogens? Listeria monocytogenes, Brucella abortus, Salmonella enterica, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, Chlamydia, Coxiella, Shigella flexneri
What are common food-borne diseases caused by Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella
bacteria?
What role do spreading factors play in bacterial They assist in tissue penetration and dissemination.
infection?
Name a spreading factor produced by Staphylococcus Staphylokinase
aureus.
What is the role of DNases in bacterial infections? They thin pus, aiding in the spread of bacteria.
What is the significance of iron acquisition for bacteria? Bacteria need iron to survive and use various mechanisms to sequester it from the
host.
How do bacteria like Borrelia burgdorferi acquire They use manganese (Mn²⁺) instead of iron (Fe²⁺).
nutrients differently?
What is a key characteristic of obligate intracellular They can only replicate inside host cells.
bacteria?
What is the difference between infectious elementary Elementary bodies (EB) are infectious/dormant; Reticulate bodies (RB) are
bodies and noninfectious reticulate bodies? noninfectious/metabolically active.
What are virulence factors? Molecules that help pathogens cause disease.
What is the difference between primary and Primary pathogens cause disease in healthy hosts; opportunistic pathogens
opportunistic pathogens? mainly affect immunocompromised hosts.
What are endotoxins and where are they found? Endotoxins are part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and are released during
bacterial cell lysis.
What is the impact of tracheal cytotoxin from Bordetella It kills ciliated cells, leading to whooping cough.
pertussis?
Answers
C
Terms in this set (99)
What method is used to determine the genetic Comparison of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences.
relationship of all organisms?
What does a similarity in 16S rRNA gene sequences Organisms with more similar 16S rRNA gene sequences are more closely related.
indicate?
Why is the 16S rRNA gene considered an ideal 'molecular It is highly conserved and present in all organisms.
chronometer'?
Who discovered the Domain Archaea and proposed the Carl Woese in 1977.
Three-Domain System?
What are the three domains in the Three-Domain System? Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
What are the main differences between Prokarya and Prokarya lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while Eukarya have a
Eukarya? nucleus and complex organelles.
What are the characteristics of Gram-positive bacteria? Thick peptidoglycan layer, contains teichoic acids, and stains purple.
What defines Gram-negative bacteria? Thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane containing Lipid A, and stains pink/red.
What are the different shapes of bacteria? Cocci (spheres), Bacilli (rods), Clusters (Staphylococcus), Chains (Streptococcus),
Palisades, Spiral/Helical (Spirochetes), Curved rod (Vibrio).
What are the phases of bacterial growth curves? Lag, Log (exponential), Stationary, and Death phases.
What is the role of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in It holds the community together and protects against antibiotics.
biofilms?
What are the stages of bacterial complex life cycles? Planktonic, Swarming, Attachment, Aggregation, and Fruiting body.
What is sporulation in bacteria? The process of forming endospores, visualized using Light Microscopy and
Schaeffer-Fulton stain.
What are the three methods of horizontal gene transfer in Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation.
bacteria?
What is chemotaxis? The movement of bacteria in response to chemical gradients.
, What are the types of flagella arrangements? Monotrichous, Lophotrichous, Amphitrichous, and Peritrichous.
What are examples of extracellular bacterial pathogens? Propionibacterium acnes, Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Haemophilus influenzae.
What causes acne and what role does testosterone play? Acne is caused by P. acnes and S. epidermidis; testosterone increases sebum
production which fuels growth.
How does Helicobacter pylori contribute to gastritis and It uses urease to neutralize stomach acid, leading to gastritis and ulcers.
ulcers?
What is the significance of Vibrio cholerae in water-borne It is a major cause of global diarrheal disease cycles and is reduced by sari cloth
diseases? filtration.
What are some examples of intracellular pathogens? Listeria monocytogenes, Brucella abortus, Salmonella enterica, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, Chlamydia, Coxiella, Shigella flexneri
What are common food-borne diseases caused by Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella
bacteria?
What role do spreading factors play in bacterial They assist in tissue penetration and dissemination.
infection?
Name a spreading factor produced by Staphylococcus Staphylokinase
aureus.
What is the role of DNases in bacterial infections? They thin pus, aiding in the spread of bacteria.
What is the significance of iron acquisition for bacteria? Bacteria need iron to survive and use various mechanisms to sequester it from the
host.
How do bacteria like Borrelia burgdorferi acquire They use manganese (Mn²⁺) instead of iron (Fe²⁺).
nutrients differently?
What is a key characteristic of obligate intracellular They can only replicate inside host cells.
bacteria?
What is the difference between infectious elementary Elementary bodies (EB) are infectious/dormant; Reticulate bodies (RB) are
bodies and noninfectious reticulate bodies? noninfectious/metabolically active.
What are virulence factors? Molecules that help pathogens cause disease.
What is the difference between primary and Primary pathogens cause disease in healthy hosts; opportunistic pathogens
opportunistic pathogens? mainly affect immunocompromised hosts.
What are endotoxins and where are they found? Endotoxins are part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and are released during
bacterial cell lysis.
What is the impact of tracheal cytotoxin from Bordetella It kills ciliated cells, leading to whooping cough.
pertussis?
