BIOL 375 Exam 1 Study Guide UPDATED ACTUAL Questions And Correct
Answers
C
Terms in this set (128)
Spontaneous Generation Theory Until the late 19th century, it was believed that some forms of life could arise
spontaneously from non-living matter
- If true, there would be no reason to study or try to stop diseases
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - One of the founders of microbiology
- Research included:
(1) Spontaneous Generation Theory
(2) Fermentation
(3) Pasteurization
(4) Infectious agents afflicting man and animal
(5) Treatment and prevention of rabies
What did Louis Pasteur do in order to disprove the Pasteur's swan-necked flask experiment
spontaneous generation theory? - Disproved spontaneous generation theory
- Showed that microorganisms are ubiquitous
*Refer to drawn-diagram
Germ Theory of Disease Microorganisms can cause disease in other organisms
Robert Koch (1843-1910) - One of the founders of microbiology
(1) Identified the anthrax
(2) Developed techniques for growing bacteria in pure culture
(3) Identified tuberculosis and cholera bacteria
(4) Related microbes with disease and came up with Koch's postulates
What is the purpose of Koch's Postulates? Tests to identify the specific microorganism causing a specific disease.
What are Koch's Postulates? (1) The suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of the
disease and absent from healthy animals.
(2) The suspected organism should be grown in pure culture.
(3) Cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a
healthy animal.
(4) The organism should be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the original.
*Refer to drawn-diagram
, What are the parts of a microscope (specifically a *Refer to drawn-diagram
compound light microscope)?
(1) Ocular lens
(2) Specimen on glass slide
(3) Objective lens
(4) Stage
(5) Condenser
(6) Focusing knobs
- Coarse-Adjustment Knob
- Fine-Adjustment Knob
(7) Light Source
Microscopes A microscope is required for the visualization of microorganisms
Light Microscopes Used to look at intact cells under relatively low magnification
- Uses visible light to illuminate cells
Resolution/Resolving Power The ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as separate and distinct; how to
make specimens more clear
- Resolution is determined by the wavelength of light used (shorter the
wavelength = higher resolution)
- Limit of resolution for light microscope is about 0.2 micrometers
(microorganisms are about 1 micrometer)
- To get better resolution/resolving power, one needs to figure out how to focus
light onto the specimen of interest to make it clearer to see
What are the types of light microscopy? (1) Bright-Field
(2) Phase-Contrast
(3) Dark-Field
(4) Fluorescence
Bright Field Microscopy Uses a compound light microscope
- Specimens are visualized on bright-field scope because of differences in
contrast (density) between them and surroundings
- Two sets of lenses form the image (objective lens and ocular lens)
- Total magnification is the product of the magnification of the two sets of lenses
(objective magnification x ocular magnification)
- Maximum magnification is ~1500x
What is the purpose of adding oil/oil immersion? Focuses all of the light onto the objective and ultimately the ocular lens in order
to see specimen more clearly; it increases resolution of specimen
* Refer to drawn-diagram
How do you adjust contrast using Bright-Field Improving contrast results in a better final image
microscopy? - Staining is an easy way to improve contrast
- Dyes are organic compounds that have different affinities for specific cellular
materials; since specimens are usually clear, stains can bind to specific cellular
structures in order to see them (specific charge, etc.)
- Examples of common stains are methylene blue, safranin, and crystal violet
Answers
C
Terms in this set (128)
Spontaneous Generation Theory Until the late 19th century, it was believed that some forms of life could arise
spontaneously from non-living matter
- If true, there would be no reason to study or try to stop diseases
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - One of the founders of microbiology
- Research included:
(1) Spontaneous Generation Theory
(2) Fermentation
(3) Pasteurization
(4) Infectious agents afflicting man and animal
(5) Treatment and prevention of rabies
What did Louis Pasteur do in order to disprove the Pasteur's swan-necked flask experiment
spontaneous generation theory? - Disproved spontaneous generation theory
- Showed that microorganisms are ubiquitous
*Refer to drawn-diagram
Germ Theory of Disease Microorganisms can cause disease in other organisms
Robert Koch (1843-1910) - One of the founders of microbiology
(1) Identified the anthrax
(2) Developed techniques for growing bacteria in pure culture
(3) Identified tuberculosis and cholera bacteria
(4) Related microbes with disease and came up with Koch's postulates
What is the purpose of Koch's Postulates? Tests to identify the specific microorganism causing a specific disease.
What are Koch's Postulates? (1) The suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of the
disease and absent from healthy animals.
(2) The suspected organism should be grown in pure culture.
(3) Cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a
healthy animal.
(4) The organism should be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the original.
*Refer to drawn-diagram
, What are the parts of a microscope (specifically a *Refer to drawn-diagram
compound light microscope)?
(1) Ocular lens
(2) Specimen on glass slide
(3) Objective lens
(4) Stage
(5) Condenser
(6) Focusing knobs
- Coarse-Adjustment Knob
- Fine-Adjustment Knob
(7) Light Source
Microscopes A microscope is required for the visualization of microorganisms
Light Microscopes Used to look at intact cells under relatively low magnification
- Uses visible light to illuminate cells
Resolution/Resolving Power The ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as separate and distinct; how to
make specimens more clear
- Resolution is determined by the wavelength of light used (shorter the
wavelength = higher resolution)
- Limit of resolution for light microscope is about 0.2 micrometers
(microorganisms are about 1 micrometer)
- To get better resolution/resolving power, one needs to figure out how to focus
light onto the specimen of interest to make it clearer to see
What are the types of light microscopy? (1) Bright-Field
(2) Phase-Contrast
(3) Dark-Field
(4) Fluorescence
Bright Field Microscopy Uses a compound light microscope
- Specimens are visualized on bright-field scope because of differences in
contrast (density) between them and surroundings
- Two sets of lenses form the image (objective lens and ocular lens)
- Total magnification is the product of the magnification of the two sets of lenses
(objective magnification x ocular magnification)
- Maximum magnification is ~1500x
What is the purpose of adding oil/oil immersion? Focuses all of the light onto the objective and ultimately the ocular lens in order
to see specimen more clearly; it increases resolution of specimen
* Refer to drawn-diagram
How do you adjust contrast using Bright-Field Improving contrast results in a better final image
microscopy? - Staining is an easy way to improve contrast
- Dyes are organic compounds that have different affinities for specific cellular
materials; since specimens are usually clear, stains can bind to specific cellular
structures in order to see them (specific charge, etc.)
- Examples of common stains are methylene blue, safranin, and crystal violet
