Comprehensive Fundamentals of
Nursing: Key Concepts and Procedures.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide with
100% Verified Answers 2026/2027
Critical Thinking - ansThe ability to think clearly and rationally, understanding the logical
connection between ideas.
Evidence-based Practice - ansA problem-solving approach to decision-making in healthcare
that integrates the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values.
Patient-centered Care - ansCare that is respectful of, and responsive to, individual patient
preferences, needs, and values.
Clinical Application - ansThe practical application of clinical knowledge and skills in patient
care.
Nursing Process (A.D.P.I.E.) - ansA systematic method used by nurses to plan and provide
care: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation.
Therapeutic Communication - ansThe use of communication techniques that promote a
positive relationship between the nurse and the patient.
Raise the Level of the Bed - ansWhen in doubt, adjust the bed height to between 30 to 45
degrees.
Medication Refusal Assessment - ansIf a patient refuses any medications, the nurse should
first assess the reason for the refusal.
Positioning - ansOne of the first actions after inspecting and assessing the patient.
Ocular Patdown - ansA humorous reference to a thorough visual assessment of the patient.
Discharge Planning - ansShould be initiated during the admission process to assess the
patient's needs and plan for care.
SBAR - ansA communication tool used by nurses to relate a patient's status during a change
of shift report: Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation.
Fire Response - R.A.C.E. Sequence - ansA protocol for responding to a fire: Rescue, Alarm,
Contain, Extinguish.
Rescue (R) - ansProtect patients in close proximity to the fire by moving them to a safer
location.
Alarm (A) - ansActivate the facility's fire alarm and report the fire's details and location.
Contain/Confine (C) - ansClose doors and windows to contain the fire and turn off sources of
oxygen and electrical devices.
Extinguish (E) - ansIf possible, extinguish the fire using the appropriate fire extinguisher.
Using a Fire Extinguisher - P.A.S.S. Sequence - ansA method for using a fire extinguisher:
Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep from side to side.
Classes of Fire Extinguishers - ansDifferent types of fire extinguishers categorized by the
materials they are effective against.
Class A Fire Extinguishers - ansUsed for combustibles such as paper, wood, and upholstery.
Class B - ansClass of fire extinguishers used for flammable liquids and gas fires.
Class C - ansClass of fire extinguishers used for electrical fires.
Class D - ansClass of fire extinguishers used for metals/metal shavings.
Class K - ansClass of fire extinguishers used for kitchen fires involving fats and oils.
Fire extinguisher Class ABC - ansA multipurpose fire extinguisher that can be used for fires
involving combustibles, flammable liquids, and electrical equipment.
Donning PPE - ansUsing the 'Bottom's Up' method to remember the order of putting on
personal protective equipment.
,Comprehensive Fundamentals of
Nursing: Key Concepts and Procedures.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide with
100% Verified Answers 2026/2027
Doffing PPE - ansUsing the 'Alphabetical Order' method to remember the order of removing
personal protective equipment.
Inspection - ansStarts when you first SEE THE PATIENT and continues throughout the
examination, involving the senses of vision, smell, and hearing.
Palpation - ansUse of touch to determine the size, consistency, texture, temperature, location,
and tenderness of the skin, underlying tissues, and an organ.
Percussion - ansTapping body parts with fingers, fists, or small instruments to vibrate
underlying tissues to determine the size and location.
Auscultation - ansListening to sounds the body produces to identify unexpected findings.
Order of Physical Examination Sequence (FOR THE ABDOMEN) - ansInspection,
Auscultate, Percuss, Palpate.
Airborne Precautions - ansProtection against droplet infections smaller than 5 mcg.
Droplet Precautions - ansProtection against droplets larger than 5 mcg that travel 3 to 6 feet
from the client.
Contact Precautions - ansProtects visitors and caregivers when they are within 3 feet of the
client against direct client and environmental contact infections.
Negative pressure airflow exchange - ansA method used in a room to prevent airborne
infections from spreading.
N95 Masks - ansMasks used for healthcare workers when the patient is known or suspected
to have tuberculosis.
Surgical mask - ansMask worn by clients with airborne infection whenever they are outside
of their room or home.
Private room - ansA room designated to prevent infecting other people, especially for patients
with airborne infections.
Respiratory Syncytial virus - ansAn example of an infection that requires Contact
Precautions.
Immunocompromised - ansA term used to describe patients who require a protective
environment to prevent infections.
Gown - ansA piece of PPE worn during donning.
Gloves - ansA piece of PPE worn during both donning and doffing.
Goggles - ansA piece of PPE worn during donning.
Mask - ansA piece of PPE worn during donning.
Private room - ansA designated space for a patient, often required for infection control.
Positive airflow room - ansA room designed to prevent contamination by maintaining a
higher air pressure inside than outside.
HEPA filtration - ansHigh-Efficiency Particulate Air filtration used to clean incoming air.
Surgical mask for the client - ansA mask worn by the patient when out of their room to
prevent infection.
Nasogastric Intubation (NG Tube) - ansA hollow, flexible, cylindrical device the nurse inserts
through the nasopharynx into the stomach.
Decompression - ansRemoving gas or stomach contents to prevent or relieve distention,
nausea, and vomiting.
, Comprehensive Fundamentals of
Nursing: Key Concepts and Procedures.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide with
100% Verified Answers 2026/2027
Common Tube Type: Salem sump Tube - ansA type of NG tube commonly used for
decompression.
Feeding - ansAlternative to the oral route for administering nutritional supplements.
Common Tube Type: Dobhoff Tube - ansA type of NG tube commonly used for feeding.
Lavage - ansUsed to treat active bleeding, ingestion of poison, or gastric dilation.
Common Tube Type: Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube - ansA type of NG tube used for
compression to prevent GI or esophageal hemorrhage.
Nursing Considerations for NG Tube - ansInclude elevating the client's head of bed between
30 to 45 degrees to prevent aspiration.
High-Fowler's position - ansA sitting position where the patient is at a 90-degree angle.
Rationale for sips of water during NG tube insertion - ansHelps to prevent the NG tube from
passing into the trachea.
Physical Assessment of the patient - ansIncludes inspection, auscultation for bowel sounds,
percussion, and palpation.
Expected pH for NG tube placement - anspH of 4 or less is EXPECTED.
Advance NG Tube - ansAdvance 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches) if tube is not in the stomach.
Flush tubing after tube feeding - ansFlush with at least 30 mL of water to maintain patency of
the feeding tube.
Hand Hygiene - ansPerform after contact with anything in the patient's room or touching
contaminated items.
Surgical handwashing technique - ansScrub hands first, then work towards the elbows to
prevent contamination.
Transferring Patient - ansPosition wheelchair at a 45-degree angle to allow the patient to
pivot.
Preoperative Phase - ansBegins when the client agrees to have surgery and ends when
transferred to the surgical suite.
Intraoperative Phase - ansBegins when the client is transferred to the surgical suite and ends
when admitted to the PACU.
Postoperative Phase - ansBegins when the client is admitted to the PACU and ends when
healing is complete.
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) - ansNutritional support given intravenously to patients
unable to eat.
Monitor patient's weight DAILY - ansTo assess risk for fluid imbalance due to TPN.
Cleansing Enema Procedure - ansPosition the client on the LEFT SIDE with the right leg
flexed forward.
Insert rectal tubing - ansInsert 7 cm to 10 cm (3 to 4 inches) along the rectal wall to prevent
dislodging.
Hold Enema container height - ansNo higher than 45 cm (18 inches) above the rectum to
prevent painful distention.
Assessment/Data Collection - ansSystematic collection of information about a patient's
current health.
Subjective Data - ansWhat is SAID and DESCRIBED BY THE PATIENT THEMSELVES
(or someone else)
Nursing: Key Concepts and Procedures.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide with
100% Verified Answers 2026/2027
Critical Thinking - ansThe ability to think clearly and rationally, understanding the logical
connection between ideas.
Evidence-based Practice - ansA problem-solving approach to decision-making in healthcare
that integrates the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values.
Patient-centered Care - ansCare that is respectful of, and responsive to, individual patient
preferences, needs, and values.
Clinical Application - ansThe practical application of clinical knowledge and skills in patient
care.
Nursing Process (A.D.P.I.E.) - ansA systematic method used by nurses to plan and provide
care: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation.
Therapeutic Communication - ansThe use of communication techniques that promote a
positive relationship between the nurse and the patient.
Raise the Level of the Bed - ansWhen in doubt, adjust the bed height to between 30 to 45
degrees.
Medication Refusal Assessment - ansIf a patient refuses any medications, the nurse should
first assess the reason for the refusal.
Positioning - ansOne of the first actions after inspecting and assessing the patient.
Ocular Patdown - ansA humorous reference to a thorough visual assessment of the patient.
Discharge Planning - ansShould be initiated during the admission process to assess the
patient's needs and plan for care.
SBAR - ansA communication tool used by nurses to relate a patient's status during a change
of shift report: Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation.
Fire Response - R.A.C.E. Sequence - ansA protocol for responding to a fire: Rescue, Alarm,
Contain, Extinguish.
Rescue (R) - ansProtect patients in close proximity to the fire by moving them to a safer
location.
Alarm (A) - ansActivate the facility's fire alarm and report the fire's details and location.
Contain/Confine (C) - ansClose doors and windows to contain the fire and turn off sources of
oxygen and electrical devices.
Extinguish (E) - ansIf possible, extinguish the fire using the appropriate fire extinguisher.
Using a Fire Extinguisher - P.A.S.S. Sequence - ansA method for using a fire extinguisher:
Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sweep from side to side.
Classes of Fire Extinguishers - ansDifferent types of fire extinguishers categorized by the
materials they are effective against.
Class A Fire Extinguishers - ansUsed for combustibles such as paper, wood, and upholstery.
Class B - ansClass of fire extinguishers used for flammable liquids and gas fires.
Class C - ansClass of fire extinguishers used for electrical fires.
Class D - ansClass of fire extinguishers used for metals/metal shavings.
Class K - ansClass of fire extinguishers used for kitchen fires involving fats and oils.
Fire extinguisher Class ABC - ansA multipurpose fire extinguisher that can be used for fires
involving combustibles, flammable liquids, and electrical equipment.
Donning PPE - ansUsing the 'Bottom's Up' method to remember the order of putting on
personal protective equipment.
,Comprehensive Fundamentals of
Nursing: Key Concepts and Procedures.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide with
100% Verified Answers 2026/2027
Doffing PPE - ansUsing the 'Alphabetical Order' method to remember the order of removing
personal protective equipment.
Inspection - ansStarts when you first SEE THE PATIENT and continues throughout the
examination, involving the senses of vision, smell, and hearing.
Palpation - ansUse of touch to determine the size, consistency, texture, temperature, location,
and tenderness of the skin, underlying tissues, and an organ.
Percussion - ansTapping body parts with fingers, fists, or small instruments to vibrate
underlying tissues to determine the size and location.
Auscultation - ansListening to sounds the body produces to identify unexpected findings.
Order of Physical Examination Sequence (FOR THE ABDOMEN) - ansInspection,
Auscultate, Percuss, Palpate.
Airborne Precautions - ansProtection against droplet infections smaller than 5 mcg.
Droplet Precautions - ansProtection against droplets larger than 5 mcg that travel 3 to 6 feet
from the client.
Contact Precautions - ansProtects visitors and caregivers when they are within 3 feet of the
client against direct client and environmental contact infections.
Negative pressure airflow exchange - ansA method used in a room to prevent airborne
infections from spreading.
N95 Masks - ansMasks used for healthcare workers when the patient is known or suspected
to have tuberculosis.
Surgical mask - ansMask worn by clients with airborne infection whenever they are outside
of their room or home.
Private room - ansA room designated to prevent infecting other people, especially for patients
with airborne infections.
Respiratory Syncytial virus - ansAn example of an infection that requires Contact
Precautions.
Immunocompromised - ansA term used to describe patients who require a protective
environment to prevent infections.
Gown - ansA piece of PPE worn during donning.
Gloves - ansA piece of PPE worn during both donning and doffing.
Goggles - ansA piece of PPE worn during donning.
Mask - ansA piece of PPE worn during donning.
Private room - ansA designated space for a patient, often required for infection control.
Positive airflow room - ansA room designed to prevent contamination by maintaining a
higher air pressure inside than outside.
HEPA filtration - ansHigh-Efficiency Particulate Air filtration used to clean incoming air.
Surgical mask for the client - ansA mask worn by the patient when out of their room to
prevent infection.
Nasogastric Intubation (NG Tube) - ansA hollow, flexible, cylindrical device the nurse inserts
through the nasopharynx into the stomach.
Decompression - ansRemoving gas or stomach contents to prevent or relieve distention,
nausea, and vomiting.
, Comprehensive Fundamentals of
Nursing: Key Concepts and Procedures.
Latest Updated Exam Study Guide with
100% Verified Answers 2026/2027
Common Tube Type: Salem sump Tube - ansA type of NG tube commonly used for
decompression.
Feeding - ansAlternative to the oral route for administering nutritional supplements.
Common Tube Type: Dobhoff Tube - ansA type of NG tube commonly used for feeding.
Lavage - ansUsed to treat active bleeding, ingestion of poison, or gastric dilation.
Common Tube Type: Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube - ansA type of NG tube used for
compression to prevent GI or esophageal hemorrhage.
Nursing Considerations for NG Tube - ansInclude elevating the client's head of bed between
30 to 45 degrees to prevent aspiration.
High-Fowler's position - ansA sitting position where the patient is at a 90-degree angle.
Rationale for sips of water during NG tube insertion - ansHelps to prevent the NG tube from
passing into the trachea.
Physical Assessment of the patient - ansIncludes inspection, auscultation for bowel sounds,
percussion, and palpation.
Expected pH for NG tube placement - anspH of 4 or less is EXPECTED.
Advance NG Tube - ansAdvance 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches) if tube is not in the stomach.
Flush tubing after tube feeding - ansFlush with at least 30 mL of water to maintain patency of
the feeding tube.
Hand Hygiene - ansPerform after contact with anything in the patient's room or touching
contaminated items.
Surgical handwashing technique - ansScrub hands first, then work towards the elbows to
prevent contamination.
Transferring Patient - ansPosition wheelchair at a 45-degree angle to allow the patient to
pivot.
Preoperative Phase - ansBegins when the client agrees to have surgery and ends when
transferred to the surgical suite.
Intraoperative Phase - ansBegins when the client is transferred to the surgical suite and ends
when admitted to the PACU.
Postoperative Phase - ansBegins when the client is admitted to the PACU and ends when
healing is complete.
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) - ansNutritional support given intravenously to patients
unable to eat.
Monitor patient's weight DAILY - ansTo assess risk for fluid imbalance due to TPN.
Cleansing Enema Procedure - ansPosition the client on the LEFT SIDE with the right leg
flexed forward.
Insert rectal tubing - ansInsert 7 cm to 10 cm (3 to 4 inches) along the rectal wall to prevent
dislodging.
Hold Enema container height - ansNo higher than 45 cm (18 inches) above the rectum to
prevent painful distention.
Assessment/Data Collection - ansSystematic collection of information about a patient's
current health.
Subjective Data - ansWhat is SAID and DESCRIBED BY THE PATIENT THEMSELVES
(or someone else)
