Ax x x x x x x x x x x
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
ss ss ss
MULTIPLE CHOICE ss
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
nonargumentsand identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
workingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more.
s s ss s s ss s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s
Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss s s ss ss ss
man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
is 90 minutes and growing.
ss ss ss ss s s
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
s s ss ss s s s s s s s s s s ss s s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
ss s s s s ss ss s s ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
s s s s ss ss ss s s ss ss s s s s
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss and relaxing less.ANS:
ss ss s s D PTS: 2 s s s s
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood
ss ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss ss ss
sspressure in adults), heme production(which can lead to anemia), and sperm
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s
impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
s s s s ss ss s s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" ss ss ss s s ss s s
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
s s s s s s s s ss ss s s ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. s s ss ss ss
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ss ss ss ss ss
ss ... recall information.ANS:
ss ss s s C PTS: 2 s s
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss s s s s
ssvirtuous to choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular
ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
situation and that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
some men of practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice ss s s ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
ss s s ss s s s s s s ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss s s s s ss
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
s s ss ss ss s s ss s s ss s s ss
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
ss s s ss ss ss s s s s ss s s ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local,
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s
ssand federal income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s
sslocal merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition,
s s ss ss ss ss s s s s s s s s s s s s
s sthey work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and
s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s ss ss ss ss
ssthe amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
s s s s s s ss s s s s ss ss s s s s s s ss ss
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
s s ss ss ss s s ss s s ss ss s s
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
s s s s ss s s ss s s s s ss ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times
s s s s s s s s s s ss s s ss ss
more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss
women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
longer periods in prison. For both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the ss ss s s s s s s ss
U.S." s s
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
ss s s ss s s ss ss ss s s ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss periods in prison.ANS:B PTS: 2
ss ss s s s s
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss
There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
to detect unprotected PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals install
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers tofvisit pay-per-click ads.
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
s s s s ss s s ss s s ss ss ss
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
ss ss ss s s ss ss s s s s ss
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss by a firewall.ANS: E PTS: 2
s s ss s s s
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s observations must be made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the
s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s s s
upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
ss ss ss s s s s ss s s ss
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. s s ss ss ss s s ss ss s s
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. s s ss ss ss s s s s ss ss
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... ss ss ss ss ss
ss through the atmosphere.ANS: C ss ss PTS: 2 s s
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss
communitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers,
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
and the makers of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not
s s s s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored,
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. s s ss ss ss ss s s ss s s
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. ss ss s s ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
ss ss ss s s ss ss s s s s s s
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss will be averted.ANS: A PTS: 2
ss ss s s s s
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
neuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity.
s s s s ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
So, how a neuron works and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of
ss s s ss s s ss ss ss s s s s s s s s s s
information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s ss ss ss
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction ss s s ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. s s ss ss ss s s s s ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. ss s s s s ss s s ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. ss s s ss ss s s ss ss ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed,
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
some viruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
s s ss ss ss s s ss s s s s s s ss s s s s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
ss ss ss ss s s ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
ss s s s s ss s s ss ss ss s s ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... ss ss ss ss ss
ss invaded living cells.ANS: ss ss B PTS: 2 s s s s
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s critical to solving the global warming problem. Technological advances have
s s s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by82 percent since
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss s s ss ss ss s s
1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic
s s ss s s ss s s ss s s ss s s ss ss
cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly
ss ss ss into
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss
electricity. Todaythe costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
fired plants.
ss ss
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss s s ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss s s s s
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss s s ss
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... ss ss ss ss ss
ss directly into electricity.ANS: D
ss ss s s PTS: 2 s s
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss ss
did not commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
many of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame,
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss ss ss
more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
available. If such evidence had been available, howmay more would have been
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
exonerated?
ss
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
s s s s s s ss s s ss s s ss s s s s s s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. s s s s ss s s s s ss s s
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
ss s s ss ss s s ss s s ss s s
3
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
ss ss ss
MULTIPLE CHOICE ss
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
nonargumentsand identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
workingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more.
s s ss s s ss s s ss s s s s s s s s s s s s
Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss s s ss ss ss
man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
is 90 minutes and growing.
ss ss ss ss s s
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
s s ss ss s s s s s s s s s s ss s s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
ss s s s s ss ss s s ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
s s s s ss ss ss s s ss ss s s s s
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss and relaxing less.ANS:
ss ss s s D PTS: 2 s s s s
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood
ss ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss ss ss
sspressure in adults), heme production(which can lead to anemia), and sperm
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s
impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
s s s s ss ss s s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" ss ss ss s s ss s s
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
s s s s s s s s ss ss s s ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. s s ss ss ss
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ss ss ss ss ss
ss ... recall information.ANS:
ss ss s s C PTS: 2 s s
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss s s s s
ssvirtuous to choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular
ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
situation and that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
some men of practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice ss s s ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
ss s s ss s s s s s s ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss s s s s ss
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
s s ss ss ss s s ss s s ss s s ss
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
ss s s ss ss ss s s s s ss s s ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local,
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s
ssand federal income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s
sslocal merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition,
s s ss ss ss ss s s s s s s s s s s s s
s sthey work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and
s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s ss ss ss ss
ssthe amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
s s s s s s ss s s s s ss ss s s s s s s ss ss
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
s s ss ss ss s s ss s s ss ss s s
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
s s s s ss s s ss s s s s ss ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times
s s s s s s s s s s ss s s ss ss
more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss
women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
longer periods in prison. For both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the ss ss s s s s s s ss
U.S." s s
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
ss s s ss s s ss ss ss s s ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss periods in prison.ANS:B PTS: 2
ss ss s s s s
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss
There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
to detect unprotected PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals install
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers tofvisit pay-per-click ads.
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
s s s s ss s s ss s s ss ss ss
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
ss ss ss s s ss ss s s s s ss
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss by a firewall.ANS: E PTS: 2
s s ss s s s
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s observations must be made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the
s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s s s
upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
ss ss ss s s s s ss s s ss
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. s s ss ss ss s s ss ss s s
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. s s ss ss ss s s s s ss ss
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... ss ss ss ss ss
ss through the atmosphere.ANS: C ss ss PTS: 2 s s
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss
communitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers,
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
and the makers of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not
s s s s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored,
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. s s ss ss ss ss s s ss s s
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. ss ss s s ss ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
ss ss ss s s ss ss s s s s s s
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ss will be averted.ANS: A PTS: 2
ss ss s s s s
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
neuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity.
s s s s ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
So, how a neuron works and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of
ss s s ss s s ss ss ss s s s s s s s s s s
information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s ss ss ss
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction ss s s ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. s s ss ss ss s s s s ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. ss ss ss ss ss
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. ss s s s s ss s s ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. ss s s ss ss s s ss ss ss
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed,
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
some viruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations ss ss ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
s s ss ss ss s s ss s s s s s s ss s s s s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
ss ss ss ss s s ss ss
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
ss s s s s ss s s ss ss ss s s ss
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... ss ss ss ss ss
ss invaded living cells.ANS: ss ss B PTS: 2 s s s s
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
s critical to solving the global warming problem. Technological advances have
s s s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by82 percent since
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss s s ss ss ss s s
1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic
s s ss s s ss s s ss s s ss s s ss ss
cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly
ss ss ss into
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss
electricity. Todaythe costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
fired plants.
ss ss
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" ss ss ss ss
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
ss ss ss ss ss s s ss s s ss ss
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
ss ss s s ss ss ss ss s s s s
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss s s ss
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... ss ss ss ss ss
ss directly into electricity.ANS: D
ss ss s s PTS: 2 s s
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss ss
did not commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
many of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame,
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss ss ss
more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was
s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
available. If such evidence had been available, howmay more would have been
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
exonerated?
ss
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
s s s s s s ss s s ss s s ss s s s s s s
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. s s s s ss s s s s ss s s
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
ss s s ss ss s s ss s s ss s s
3
