Most tested Pharmacology Chapters 1-13 questions and answers

What is the main goal of pharmacology ️️ To study how drugs interact with living systems What is a drug ️️ Any substance that alters physiological function What is pharmacokinetics ️️ Study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs What is pharmacodynamics ️️ Study of how drugs affect the body What does bioavailability mean ️️ The fraction of a drug that reaches systemic circulation What is the first-pass effect ️️ Metabolism of a drug in the liver before it reaches circulation What is half-life ️️ Time required for drug concentration to reduce by half What is a receptor ️️ Protein that binds drugs to produce a response What is an agonist ️️ Drug that activates a receptor What is an antagonist ️️ Drug that blocks receptor activity What is drug tolerance ️️ Reduced response to a drug after repeated use What is drug dependence ️️ Physical or psychological need for a drug What is a side effect ️️ Unintended effect of a drug 2 What is a therapeutic effect ️️ Desired beneficial effect of a drug What is a toxic effect ️️ Harmful effect caused by excessive drug levels What is a loading dose ️️ Initial high dose to quickly reach therapeutic level What is a maintenance dose ️️ Dose given to maintain drug concentration What is distribution ️️ Movement of drug from blood to tissues What is metabolism ️️ Chemical alteration of a drug in the body What is excretion ️️ Removal of drugs from the body What is absorption ️️ Movement of drug from administration site into bloodstream What is a controlled substance ️️ Drug regulated due to abuse potential What is potency ️️ Amount of drug needed to produce an effect What is efficacy ️️ Maximum effect a drug can produce What is a narrow therapeutic index ️️ Small range between effective and toxic doses What is drug interaction ️️ Effect when two drugs alter each other’s action What is contraindication ️️ Situation where a drug should not be used What is an adverse reaction ️️ Unexpected harmful response to a drug 3 What is an allergic reaction ️️ Immune response to a drug What is an idiosyncratic reaction ️️ Unusual drug response unique to an individual What is compliance ️️ Patient’s adherence to prescribed treatment What is a placebo ️️ Inactive substance given for psychological effect What is a generic drug ️️ Drug with same active ingredient as brand name What is a brand name drug ️️ Drug marketed under a proprietary name What is pharmacogenetics ️️ Study of genetic influence on drug response What is peak level ️️ Highest concentration of drug in blood What is trough level ️️ Lowest concentration of drug before next dose What is steady state ️️ When drug intake equals elimination What is a prodrug ️️ Inactive drug converted to active form in body What is drug synergy ️️ Combined effect greater than sum of individual effects What is antagonism ️️ One drug reduces the effect of another What is receptor affinity ️️ Strength of drug binding to receptor What is desensitization ️️ Decreased receptor response over time 4 What is upregulation ️️ Increase in receptor number What is downregulation ️️ Decrease in receptor number What is enteral route ️️ Drug administration via digestive tract What is parenteral route ️️ Drug administration bypassing digestive tract What is intravenous administration ️️ Drug given directly into bloodstream What is intramuscular administration ️️ Drug injected into muscle What is subcutaneous administration ️️ Drug injected under the skin What is topical administration ️️ Drug applied to skin or mucous membranes What is transdermal delivery ️️ Drug absorbed through skin into bloodstream