MSN 570 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL 2026 PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED RATIONALES A+
◉ nondisjunction error. Answer: What is the most common cause of
Down syndrome?
a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
◉ klinefelter. Answer: A person with XXXY has the genetic disorder
called __________ syndrome.
a. down
b. fragile x
c. klinefelter
d. turner
◉ autosomal recessive. Answer: Cystic fibrosis is caused by an
__________________ gene.
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
,c. autosomal dominant
d. x-linked recessive
◉ What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions,
cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
A) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells
into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
B) high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels
into the brain cells, causing them to swell
C) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain
cells, which slows the synapses in the brain
D) high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain
cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell. Answer: Ans:
A- high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells
into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
◉ mitochondria. Answer: Organelle that contains the code needed
for oxidative phosphorylation is:
a. mitochondria
b. lysosomes
c. nucleus
d. vacuoles
,◉ Apoptosis. Answer: Programmed cell death is an active process of
cellular self-destruction. It is also referred to as
a. apoptosis
b. necrosis
c. metastatic calcification
d. gangrene
◉ Histones. Answer: The nucleolus is a small dense structure
composed mainly of RNA and cellular DNA. What causes the DNA to
bind and fold into chromosomes?
a. amino acid sequences
b. histones
c. polymerase
d. miRNA
◉ x-linked recessive disease. Answer: Duchenne's Muscular
Dystrophy is never transmitted from father to son. It is a good
example of
a. sex-linked recessive disease
b. autosomal dominant disease
c. x-linked recessive disease
d. chromosome structure abnormality disease
, ◉ Eosinophils. Answer: Which cell is the body's primary defense
against parasite invasion?
a. t lymphocytes
b. neutrophils
c. eosinophils
d. b lymphocytes
◉ classic. Answer: Which pathway in the complement system is
activated by an antigen-antibody response?
a. lectin
b. classic
c. alternative
d. none of the above
◉ severe loss of CD4 Th cells. Answer: The hallmark of AIDS
profound immunosuppression, results from:
a. proper function of helper t cells
b. infection of b cells
c. severe loss of CD4 Th cells
d. none of the above
◉ exotoxins. Answer: These are proteins released by bacteria during
growth.
FINAL 2026 PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED RATIONALES A+
◉ nondisjunction error. Answer: What is the most common cause of
Down syndrome?
a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
◉ klinefelter. Answer: A person with XXXY has the genetic disorder
called __________ syndrome.
a. down
b. fragile x
c. klinefelter
d. turner
◉ autosomal recessive. Answer: Cystic fibrosis is caused by an
__________________ gene.
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
,c. autosomal dominant
d. x-linked recessive
◉ What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions,
cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
A) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells
into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
B) high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels
into the brain cells, causing them to swell
C) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain
cells, which slows the synapses in the brain
D) high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain
cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell. Answer: Ans:
A- high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells
into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
◉ mitochondria. Answer: Organelle that contains the code needed
for oxidative phosphorylation is:
a. mitochondria
b. lysosomes
c. nucleus
d. vacuoles
,◉ Apoptosis. Answer: Programmed cell death is an active process of
cellular self-destruction. It is also referred to as
a. apoptosis
b. necrosis
c. metastatic calcification
d. gangrene
◉ Histones. Answer: The nucleolus is a small dense structure
composed mainly of RNA and cellular DNA. What causes the DNA to
bind and fold into chromosomes?
a. amino acid sequences
b. histones
c. polymerase
d. miRNA
◉ x-linked recessive disease. Answer: Duchenne's Muscular
Dystrophy is never transmitted from father to son. It is a good
example of
a. sex-linked recessive disease
b. autosomal dominant disease
c. x-linked recessive disease
d. chromosome structure abnormality disease
, ◉ Eosinophils. Answer: Which cell is the body's primary defense
against parasite invasion?
a. t lymphocytes
b. neutrophils
c. eosinophils
d. b lymphocytes
◉ classic. Answer: Which pathway in the complement system is
activated by an antigen-antibody response?
a. lectin
b. classic
c. alternative
d. none of the above
◉ severe loss of CD4 Th cells. Answer: The hallmark of AIDS
profound immunosuppression, results from:
a. proper function of helper t cells
b. infection of b cells
c. severe loss of CD4 Th cells
d. none of the above
◉ exotoxins. Answer: These are proteins released by bacteria during
growth.
