StraighterLine BIO250 Microbiology Final Exam
Study Guide
-exam elaborations with 100% verified answer/solutions-
Excel & Succeed - academic year (2026-2027)
170 Q&A
What is a Transforming Infection?
Virus that alters cell DNA, leading to cancer
What is a lysogenic infection?
Phage DNA is incorporated into host genome and is passed on to subsequent
generations
What is a Lytic Bacteriophage Infection?
Host cell gets so packed with viruses that is lyses (splits) open and releases
mature virions
What are the three principle purposes of cultivating viruses?
1.) Isolate and ID viruses in clinical specimens
2.) Prepare viruses for vaccines
3.) Research viral strucutre, multiplication cycles, genetics, and effects on
hosts
What are three ways in which viruses are cultivated?
,1.) Using live animal inoculation
2.) Using bird embryos
3.) Using cell (tissue) culture techniques
What are three noncellular infections agents besides viruses?
Prions, viroids, and satellite viruses.
List the essential nutrients of a bacterial cell:
CHONPS
C - arbon
H - ydrogen
N - itrogen
P - hosphate
S - ulphur
What are four terms that describe an organisms source of Carbon and
Energy?
Photoautotrophos, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, lithoautotrophs
Define Saprobe:
A microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms
Define Parasite
An organism that lives in or within a host from which it obtains nutrients and
enjoys protection. Produces some degree of harm to host
Define Diffusion:
movement from high to low
Define Osmosis:
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
hypotonic cell:
, cells that are less concentrated than their environment; water rushes in, may
burst cell
hypertonic cell:
cells that are more concentrated than their environment; water rushes out of
the cell causing it to shrivel
isotonic cell:
extracellular environment has the same concentration of solutes as the cell
cytoplasm
types of passive transport
Facilitated diffusion, molecule-specific, simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
passive transport: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes
through protein channels by binding to receptors
molecule specific
transport
Passive transport goes both directions. Rate is limited by number of binding
sites on transport proteins
simple diffusion
Fundamental property of atoms and molecults that exist in a state of random
motion
Name three types of active transport:
Carrier mediated, group translocation, bulk transport
Carrier-mediated Transport is...
Active transport where atoms or molecules are pumped into or out of the cell
by specialized receptors
Group translocation transport is....
Active transport where molecule is moved across membrane and converted to
a metabolically useful substance
Study Guide
-exam elaborations with 100% verified answer/solutions-
Excel & Succeed - academic year (2026-2027)
170 Q&A
What is a Transforming Infection?
Virus that alters cell DNA, leading to cancer
What is a lysogenic infection?
Phage DNA is incorporated into host genome and is passed on to subsequent
generations
What is a Lytic Bacteriophage Infection?
Host cell gets so packed with viruses that is lyses (splits) open and releases
mature virions
What are the three principle purposes of cultivating viruses?
1.) Isolate and ID viruses in clinical specimens
2.) Prepare viruses for vaccines
3.) Research viral strucutre, multiplication cycles, genetics, and effects on
hosts
What are three ways in which viruses are cultivated?
,1.) Using live animal inoculation
2.) Using bird embryos
3.) Using cell (tissue) culture techniques
What are three noncellular infections agents besides viruses?
Prions, viroids, and satellite viruses.
List the essential nutrients of a bacterial cell:
CHONPS
C - arbon
H - ydrogen
N - itrogen
P - hosphate
S - ulphur
What are four terms that describe an organisms source of Carbon and
Energy?
Photoautotrophos, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, lithoautotrophs
Define Saprobe:
A microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms
Define Parasite
An organism that lives in or within a host from which it obtains nutrients and
enjoys protection. Produces some degree of harm to host
Define Diffusion:
movement from high to low
Define Osmosis:
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
hypotonic cell:
, cells that are less concentrated than their environment; water rushes in, may
burst cell
hypertonic cell:
cells that are more concentrated than their environment; water rushes out of
the cell causing it to shrivel
isotonic cell:
extracellular environment has the same concentration of solutes as the cell
cytoplasm
types of passive transport
Facilitated diffusion, molecule-specific, simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
passive transport: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes
through protein channels by binding to receptors
molecule specific
transport
Passive transport goes both directions. Rate is limited by number of binding
sites on transport proteins
simple diffusion
Fundamental property of atoms and molecults that exist in a state of random
motion
Name three types of active transport:
Carrier mediated, group translocation, bulk transport
Carrier-mediated Transport is...
Active transport where atoms or molecules are pumped into or out of the cell
by specialized receptors
Group translocation transport is....
Active transport where molecule is moved across membrane and converted to
a metabolically useful substance
