NUTR 4210 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

NUTR 4210 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Resting Energy Expenditure - Answers BMR or RMR - what we need for basic metabolic demands -affected by genetics, age, size, body composition, temperature, exercise, diet, etc. Thermic Effect of Food - Answers -energy we need to burn off food Total Daily Energy Expenditure - Answers -all the energy we need in a day REE + TEF + Physical Activity = TDEE Calorimetry - Answers Direct - measure change in water temperature surrounding a chamber, proportional to energy expended Indirect - measure O2 consumption, CO2 production to estimate energy expenditure Respiratory Exchange Ratio - Answers - reflects ratio of carbs to fats being oxidized. Ignores protein b/c it provides little energy, assumes requirements of mitochondria = whole body - used determining table, 1.0 = carbs, 0.7 = fats RER = VCO2 / VO2 VO2 Max - Answers -maximum O2 consumption and aerobic capacity Factors Affecting VO2 Max - Answers 1. Central Circulation - CO, O2 extraction, O2 carrying capacity 2. Respiration - arterial O2 saturation 3. Skeletal Muscle - oxidative mitochondrial enzymes Catecholamines - Answers Epinephrine, Norepinephrine - increase glycogenolysis,gluconeogenesis = HGP -increase lipolysis = FFA -increase GLUT 4 transporters -increase sweat, renin, decrease blood Q to skin -increase HR, SV, vasoconstriction Insulin - Answers -decreases during exercise to inhibit storage, promote utilization Systemically, inhibitting insulin: -decrease GLUT 4 transporters -inhibit TCA -decrease blood Q to tissues = more glucose in the blood to be pushed to tissues with high metabolic demand Locally -increases local blood Q via H+, K+, CO2 Glucagon - Answers -increases gluconeogensis = HGP -increases lipolysis = FFA release Cortisol, Growth Hormone - Answers -fuel mobilization, unclear -may have redundant functions Renin, Aldosterone, ADH - Answers -conserve Na+, H20 therefore regulates plasma volume and blood pressure IL-6 - Answers -released later in exercise by contracting muscle -increase HGP -increase lipolysis = FFA release -increase FA B-oxidation = FFA release Aerobic Glycolysis - Answers Substrates - glucose Products - pyruvate, CO2, H20 Enzymes - PFK, pyruvate kinase -cytosol -inhibited by cAMP, gluconeogenesis -intensity/exercise duration ???? Anaerobic Glycolysis - Answers Substrates - glucose Intermediates - pyruvate Products - lactate Enzymes - lactate dehydrogenase -cytosol -occurs at 1-2 min durations, increased acidity with increased intensity and fatigue Glyogenolysis - Answers Substrates - glycogen Intermediates - glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) Products - glucose (liver - blood), G6P (muscle- glycolysis) Enzymes - glycogen phosphorylase -liver, muscle -fastest at onset, increases with intensity -initial usage can be 'spared' with training Gluconeogenesis - Answers Substrates - glycerol, AAs, pyruvate Intermediates - oxaloacetate, glycerol Products - glucose Enzymes - pyruvate carboxylase, fructose 1,6 bisphosphate -liver (replaces blood glucose) -increase with duration, recovery -stimulated by cAMP, inhibited by glycolysis Cori Cycle - Answers Substrate -glucose Intermediates - pyruvate, lactate Products - glucose Enzymes - PDH, LDH -liver, muscle -anerobic glycolysis, recovery AMP-activated Protein Kinase - Answers -energy sensor of the cell -responds to a decrease in calcium, glycogen, increased ADP, AMP -stimulates ATP producing pathways, inhibits ATP consuming pathways -stimulate movement of GLUT 4 to plasma membrane Insulin and Contraction - Answers -distinct mechanisms by which they both increase glucose uptake - additive effect Lipid Sources - Answers 1. Adipose -triacylglycerol 2. Intramuscular - Intramusclar TAGs (IMTG) 3. Blood - Albumin DDA (from adipose), Chylomicrons (from intestine, liver); need carriers Lipid Advantages - Answers -increased energy (9kcal/g) -increased storage capacity -lots, therefore no need to consume before during or after exercise Lipid Disadvantages - Answers -good for duration, not intensity (above 65% VO2 max) -FA must be bound to get to exercising muscle -Can't be used anaerobically Factors Limiting Lipid Usage 1. Mobilization of FFA from Adipose Tissue - Answers -stimulated by epinephrine -impaired during high intensity due to decreased blood flow to adipose, therefore decreased FFA transport proteins Factors Limiting Lipid Usage 2. FFA Uptake into Skeletal Muscle - Answers -regulated via movement of transport proteins from intracellular to plasma membrane pools (like GLUT 4) Key Transporters - FATCD36, FABpm, FATB1-6 Factors Limiting Lipid Usage 3. Mitochondrial Membrane Transport - Answers -ie. regulation of FA. into mitochondria via CPT1, FATCD36 -stimulated by AMPK, and decreased malonyl co A (signal we need fuel) Factors Limiting Lipid Usage 4. Mitochondrial Fat Oxidation - Answers -exercise causes mitochondrial biogenesis, increased rate limiting enzymes (therefore more sensitvity), and classic markers -fat oxidation increases, circulating FFA decreases 3 Fates of Protein - Answers 1. Alanine + Glutamate - alpha ketogluturate - TCA Cycle 2. Urea Production 3. Branch Chain Amino Acids - leucine, isoleucine, valine oxidized in muscle, provide little energy production Central Fatigue Hypothesis - Answers -increasing BCAA decreases free tryptophan pushed from albumin (by FFA) -decreases Trp movement across blood brain barrier -decreases serotonin production to decrease fatigue Factors Affecting Protein Metabolism 1. Nutrition - Answers Fasting + protein degredation Protein Meal + protein synthesis Insulin + protein synthesis CHO ingestion w/ AA + insulin + protein synthesis Factors Affecting Protein Metabolism 2. Exercise - Answers Protein Synthesis - decreased during exercise, increased in recovery Protein Degredation + degredation Protein Oxidation - 2-6% energy Whey Protein - Answers -fast protein -rapid gastric emptying, appearance in blood, increase in insulin -faster increase in protein synthesis and increase in leucine Casein Protein - Answers - slow protein -prolonged increased in blood amino acid -stimulates protein synthesis, but slower CHO + Amino Acids - Answers -once we meet the minimum amount of AA it becomes saturated - no greater effect by ingesting more -CHO consumption with AA has a small effect by increasing insulin secretion Timing of Protein Ingestion - Answers - takes a while to break down protein to AAs (~45 min) -ingesting prior to exercise means AAs are ready to refuel depleted muscles immediately at end of workout Adaptations to Endurance Training - Answers 1. Adipose - increase mitochondrial content, beta oxidation 2. Liver - increase mitchondrial content, beta oxidation 3. Skeletal Muscle - increase mitochondrial transporters, beta oxidation 4. AMPK - stimulated by insulin and muscle contraction, increase beta oxidation, GLUT-4 transporters, enzymes 5. HIIT - increase skeletal muscle mitochondria, increase exercise performance Nutritional Strategies 1. Increase Muscle Glycogen - Answers a. Increase Muscle Glycogen Stores -traditional vs. modern carb loading -both store similar glycogen, modern approach leaves you more rested b. Ability to Use Other Stores -low carb diet increases citrate synthase, B-HAD, therefore increase fat oxidation -works in untrained, may impair performance for trained (benefit from high CHO) c. Increased Intake During Exercise -optimal 6-8% glucose -increases time to exhaustion by approzimately 30% 90 min, enhances recovery Nutritional Strategies 2. High Fat Diets - Answers -increases fat oxidation via increased transporters, enzymes, AMPK, helps slightly increase glycogen sparing