NRG 200 PHARMACOLOGY FOR HUMAN
CARING NURSING FINAL PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Dantrolene (Peripherally Acting Muscle Relaxant). Answer:
Prevents calcium release in skeletal muscle to decrease contractions;
used for muscle spasms and malignant hyperthermia; side effects
muscle weakness diarrhea liver toxicity; avoid in liver disease
◉ Phenytoin / Fosphenytoin (Hydantoins). Answer: Sodium channel
blocker that decreases high frequency neuron discharge; used for
seizures; side effects dizziness vision changes gingival hyperplasia
Stevens-Johnson syndrome; teratogenic
◉ Carbamazepine / Lamotrigine. Answer: Carbamazepine decreases
synaptic transmission and lamotrigine stabilizes neuronal
membranes via sodium channel inhibition; used for seizures and
bipolar disorder; side effects bone marrow suppression Stevens-
Johnson syndrome CNS effects
◉ Valproic Acid / Divalproex / Valproate. Answer: Increase GABA in
CNS to suppress seizures and control bipolar mania; side effects
, thrombocytopenia GI upset hyperammonemia pancreatitis liver
toxicity; contraindicated in pregnancy and liver disease
◉ Oxcarbazepine (2nd/3rd Gen ASM). Answer: Blocks sodium
channels and inhibits glutamate; used for seizures; side effects
dizziness drowsiness hyponatremia leukopenia decreased bone
density
◉ Lidocaine / Procaine / Benzocaine (Local Anesthetics). Answer:
Block sodium channels preventing pain impulse conduction; used
for local anesthesia and nerve blocks; side effects hypotension CNS
stimulation burning at injection site
◉ Short Acting Barbiturates (Methohexital Phenobarbital
Pentobarbital Propofol). Answer: Increase GABA causing CNS
depression; used for anesthesia induction seizures and medication
induced coma for ICP; side effects respiratory depression
hypotension lethargy
◉ Benzodiazepines (Midazolam Diazepam Lorazepam
Chlordiazepoxide). Answer: Enhance GABA activity in CNS; used for
anxiety sedation seizures alcohol withdrawal; side effects
respiratory depression amnesia dependence; antidote flumazenil
◉ Opioids (Fentanyl Morphine Hydromorphone Oxycodone
Hydrocodone). Answer: Bind opioid receptors producing analgesia;
CARING NURSING FINAL PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Dantrolene (Peripherally Acting Muscle Relaxant). Answer:
Prevents calcium release in skeletal muscle to decrease contractions;
used for muscle spasms and malignant hyperthermia; side effects
muscle weakness diarrhea liver toxicity; avoid in liver disease
◉ Phenytoin / Fosphenytoin (Hydantoins). Answer: Sodium channel
blocker that decreases high frequency neuron discharge; used for
seizures; side effects dizziness vision changes gingival hyperplasia
Stevens-Johnson syndrome; teratogenic
◉ Carbamazepine / Lamotrigine. Answer: Carbamazepine decreases
synaptic transmission and lamotrigine stabilizes neuronal
membranes via sodium channel inhibition; used for seizures and
bipolar disorder; side effects bone marrow suppression Stevens-
Johnson syndrome CNS effects
◉ Valproic Acid / Divalproex / Valproate. Answer: Increase GABA in
CNS to suppress seizures and control bipolar mania; side effects
, thrombocytopenia GI upset hyperammonemia pancreatitis liver
toxicity; contraindicated in pregnancy and liver disease
◉ Oxcarbazepine (2nd/3rd Gen ASM). Answer: Blocks sodium
channels and inhibits glutamate; used for seizures; side effects
dizziness drowsiness hyponatremia leukopenia decreased bone
density
◉ Lidocaine / Procaine / Benzocaine (Local Anesthetics). Answer:
Block sodium channels preventing pain impulse conduction; used
for local anesthesia and nerve blocks; side effects hypotension CNS
stimulation burning at injection site
◉ Short Acting Barbiturates (Methohexital Phenobarbital
Pentobarbital Propofol). Answer: Increase GABA causing CNS
depression; used for anesthesia induction seizures and medication
induced coma for ICP; side effects respiratory depression
hypotension lethargy
◉ Benzodiazepines (Midazolam Diazepam Lorazepam
Chlordiazepoxide). Answer: Enhance GABA activity in CNS; used for
anxiety sedation seizures alcohol withdrawal; side effects
respiratory depression amnesia dependence; antidote flumazenil
◉ Opioids (Fentanyl Morphine Hydromorphone Oxycodone
Hydrocodone). Answer: Bind opioid receptors producing analgesia;
