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CHAPTER 1: Multiple Choice Questions
1. The logical process by which a general law is obtained from a collection of facts is
called
A. deduction
B. induction
C. faction
D. probability
2. The logical process by which a fact is predicted from a general law is called
A. deduction
B. induction
C. faction
D. probability
3. Which are never proved but only shown to be certain with a degree of probability?
A. inductive inferences
B. deductive inferences
C. both of these
D. none of these
4. Empiricism is based on the logic of
A. deduction
B. abduction
C. induction
D. reduction.
5. Falsification is based on the logic of
A. deduction
B. abduction
C. induction
D. reduction
6. Karl Popper’s book Conjectures and Refutations provides an account of
A. falsification
B. empiricism
C. psychologism
D. theorism
7. According to Popper, a scientific statement is one that is
A. based on a collection of facts
B. proved through observation
C. asserted by scientists
D. falsifiable through observation
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8. Which of the following makes the most powerful prediction?
A. it will rain next week
B. it will not rain next week
C. it will rain on Tuesday and only on Tuesday next week
D. it will either rain or not rain next week
9 According to Popper, powerful theories are preferred because
A. they are less likely to be wrong
B. they make more precise and more easily falsified predictions
C. they make less easily falsified predictions and are more often shown to be
correct
D. they are more easily proved to be true
10. A science that uses statistics and null hypothesis testing typically makes
A. qualitative predictions
B. quantitative predictions
C. neither qualitative nor quantitative predictions
D. the strongest possible predictions
11. The terms ‘research programme’ or ‘research paradigm’ refer to
A. the empirical methods that are used to study something
B. the way a theory is tested
C. the metatheoretical assumptions that guide the development of theories
and their tests
D. the collection of data and observations of a science, and the people who collect
them
12. A theory consists of
A. observation terms
B. theoretical terms
C. both of these
D. neither of these
13. The replication crisis (failure to replicate) is due to
A. the possibility of Type 1 error but not Type 2 error
B. the possibility of Type 2 error but not Type 1 error
C. the possibility of both Type 1 and Type 2 error
D. neither Type 1 nor Type 2 error
14. Scientific misconduct is defined as
A. only data falsification, i.e., making up or changing data
B. only plagiarism, i.e., copying without citation
C. either data falsification or plagiarism
D. either data falsification, or plagiarism, or error due to incompetence
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15. According to Lakatos which type of research programme is usually most effective
(progressive problem shift)?
A. where theory comes before data
B. where data comes before theory
C. where rigorous data comes before theory
D. where both data and theory come after empirical study
16. What is the name of the bias where people accept information confirming their
hypothesis and reject information contrary to their hypothesis?
A. acceptance bias
B. confirmation bias
C. Type 1 bias
D. Type 2 bias
17. What have the Tuskegee Syphilis study and the MKUltra project in common?
A. they were both shown to be fraudulent
B. they were both trying to prove something that was unfalsifiable
C. they were both unethical
D. all of the above
18. People who support conspiracy theories
A. tend to have lower IQs
B. tend to be higher in extraversion and have high IQs
C. tend to be lower in extraversion and higher in agreeableness
D. tend to feel disconnected from society, dissatisfied and not in control
CHAPTER 1: Multiple Choice Questions
1. The logical process by which a general law is obtained from a collection of facts is
called
A. deduction
B. induction
C. faction
D. probability
2. The logical process by which a fact is predicted from a general law is called
A. deduction
B. induction
C. faction
D. probability
3. Which are never proved but only shown to be certain with a degree of probability?
A. inductive inferences
B. deductive inferences
C. both of these
D. none of these
4. Empiricism is based on the logic of
A. deduction
B. abduction
C. induction
D. reduction.
5. Falsification is based on the logic of
A. deduction
B. abduction
C. induction
D. reduction
6. Karl Popper’s book Conjectures and Refutations provides an account of
A. falsification
B. empiricism
C. psychologism
D. theorism
7. According to Popper, a scientific statement is one that is
A. based on a collection of facts
B. proved through observation
C. asserted by scientists
D. falsifiable through observation
, 2
8. Which of the following makes the most powerful prediction?
A. it will rain next week
B. it will not rain next week
C. it will rain on Tuesday and only on Tuesday next week
D. it will either rain or not rain next week
9 According to Popper, powerful theories are preferred because
A. they are less likely to be wrong
B. they make more precise and more easily falsified predictions
C. they make less easily falsified predictions and are more often shown to be
correct
D. they are more easily proved to be true
10. A science that uses statistics and null hypothesis testing typically makes
A. qualitative predictions
B. quantitative predictions
C. neither qualitative nor quantitative predictions
D. the strongest possible predictions
11. The terms ‘research programme’ or ‘research paradigm’ refer to
A. the empirical methods that are used to study something
B. the way a theory is tested
C. the metatheoretical assumptions that guide the development of theories
and their tests
D. the collection of data and observations of a science, and the people who collect
them
12. A theory consists of
A. observation terms
B. theoretical terms
C. both of these
D. neither of these
13. The replication crisis (failure to replicate) is due to
A. the possibility of Type 1 error but not Type 2 error
B. the possibility of Type 2 error but not Type 1 error
C. the possibility of both Type 1 and Type 2 error
D. neither Type 1 nor Type 2 error
14. Scientific misconduct is defined as
A. only data falsification, i.e., making up or changing data
B. only plagiarism, i.e., copying without citation
C. either data falsification or plagiarism
D. either data falsification, or plagiarism, or error due to incompetence
, 3
15. According to Lakatos which type of research programme is usually most effective
(progressive problem shift)?
A. where theory comes before data
B. where data comes before theory
C. where rigorous data comes before theory
D. where both data and theory come after empirical study
16. What is the name of the bias where people accept information confirming their
hypothesis and reject information contrary to their hypothesis?
A. acceptance bias
B. confirmation bias
C. Type 1 bias
D. Type 2 bias
17. What have the Tuskegee Syphilis study and the MKUltra project in common?
A. they were both shown to be fraudulent
B. they were both trying to prove something that was unfalsifiable
C. they were both unethical
D. all of the above
18. People who support conspiracy theories
A. tend to have lower IQs
B. tend to be higher in extraversion and have high IQs
C. tend to be lower in extraversion and higher in agreeableness
D. tend to feel disconnected from society, dissatisfied and not in control
