PATH310 midterm 2026 Exam
questions 2026 Exam Questions and
verified Answers .
Hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS - how the blood and vasculature maintain blood in a fluid
state
- how they respond to injury under normal conditions to stop hemorrhaging
4 requirements of hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS - rapid --> prevent blood loss as soon as
wound is created
- controlled --> can be turned on/off when appropriate
- site-specific --> should only happen at site of wound
- limited --> clot should dissolve when no longer needed
Procoagulant state - CORRECT ANSWERS - promotes wound healing and prevention of blood
loss
- involves: endothelial damage, platelet activation, coagulation activation
Anticoagulant state - CORRECT ANSWERS - needed to prevent thrombosis
- involves: anticoagulant factors, fibrinolytic factors, healed endothelium
Components of blood - CORRECT ANSWERS - plasma (liquid component)
- platelets, electrolytes, leukocytes (cellular component)
Vascular endothelium - CORRECT ANSWERS - monolayer of endothelial cells
- separates the blood from procoagulant factors found in the subendothelial layer
,- disruption of vascular endothelium initiates hemostasis
Primary hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS vasoconstriction, formation of platelet plug
Secondary hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS - coagulation cascade
- process that produces fibrin
- formation of hemostatic plug
Tertiary hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS - fibrinolysis
- process that degrades the fibrin to break down hemostatic plug
Vasoconstriction - CORRECT ANSWERS - when a vessel injury occurs, vasoconstriction reflex
at injury
- physiological response to impede the amount of blood loss
- damaged endothelial cells trigger vasoconstriction through release of endothelin
Platelet plug formation - CORRECT ANSWERS - von willebrand factor (vWF) released from
endothelial layer
- vWF binds to collagen in exposed subendothelium
- circulating platelets contain receptors for vWF
- platelet adhesion
- aggregate of platelets --> platelet plug
Hemostatic plug - CORRECT ANSWERS - composed mainly of fibrin
- cross-linked fibrin mesh stabilizes the platelet plug
- traps erythrocytes and leukocytes
,Coagulation cascade - CORRECT ANSWERS - circulating plasma zymogen (clotting factors)
undergo a series of proteolytic activations
- end product is fibrin (insoluble)
- fibrinogen is soluble
- initiated through the extrinsic pathway
Factor Xa - CORRECT ANSWERS - activated FX (FXa) is a coagulation factor
- catalyzes conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
- FX can be converted to FXa by intrinsic and extrinsic tenase complex
- both complexes: an enzyme, cofactor, zymogen substrate
Positive regulation by thrombin - CORRECT ANSWERS - master regulator of the intrinsic
pathway
- involved in a positive feedback loop
- thrombin recruits players of the intrinsic pathway for amplification
- goal is to produce large quantity of fibrin to form hemostatic plug
Fibrinolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS - enzymatic process of breaking down cross-linked fibrin
into fibrin degradation products
- controls the size and spread of fibrin clot
- removes it once the damaged vessel is repaired
Fibrinolysis pathway - CORRECT ANSWERS - plasminogen activators convert plasminogen
into active plasmin
- plasmin breaks down the fibrin clot into fibrin degradation products
, Fibrinolysis regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS - fibrin degradation products inhibit thrombin
- inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
- hemostatic plug is unable to re-form
- when the clot is broken down, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) inhibits uPA and tPA to control
fibrinolysis
Negative regulators of primary hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS - nitric oxide
- prostacyclin
- CD39
Nitric oxide - CORRECT ANSWERS - health endothelium secretes nitric oxide (NO)
- prevent platelet adhesion and aggregation
Prostacyclin - CORRECT ANSWERS - healthy endothelium secretes prostacyclin
- lipid molecule
- prevent platelet adhesion and aggregation
CD39 - CORRECT ANSWERS - health endothelium expresses transmembrane ATPase CD39
- enzyme that catalyzes dephosphorylation of ATP
- prevents platelet activation
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) - CORRECT ANSWERS - inhibits the extrinsic pathway
- prevents further input from initiating pathway
- produced by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes
Antithrombin - CORRECT ANSWERS - produced by hepatocytes in the liver
questions 2026 Exam Questions and
verified Answers .
Hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS - how the blood and vasculature maintain blood in a fluid
state
- how they respond to injury under normal conditions to stop hemorrhaging
4 requirements of hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS - rapid --> prevent blood loss as soon as
wound is created
- controlled --> can be turned on/off when appropriate
- site-specific --> should only happen at site of wound
- limited --> clot should dissolve when no longer needed
Procoagulant state - CORRECT ANSWERS - promotes wound healing and prevention of blood
loss
- involves: endothelial damage, platelet activation, coagulation activation
Anticoagulant state - CORRECT ANSWERS - needed to prevent thrombosis
- involves: anticoagulant factors, fibrinolytic factors, healed endothelium
Components of blood - CORRECT ANSWERS - plasma (liquid component)
- platelets, electrolytes, leukocytes (cellular component)
Vascular endothelium - CORRECT ANSWERS - monolayer of endothelial cells
- separates the blood from procoagulant factors found in the subendothelial layer
,- disruption of vascular endothelium initiates hemostasis
Primary hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS vasoconstriction, formation of platelet plug
Secondary hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS - coagulation cascade
- process that produces fibrin
- formation of hemostatic plug
Tertiary hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS - fibrinolysis
- process that degrades the fibrin to break down hemostatic plug
Vasoconstriction - CORRECT ANSWERS - when a vessel injury occurs, vasoconstriction reflex
at injury
- physiological response to impede the amount of blood loss
- damaged endothelial cells trigger vasoconstriction through release of endothelin
Platelet plug formation - CORRECT ANSWERS - von willebrand factor (vWF) released from
endothelial layer
- vWF binds to collagen in exposed subendothelium
- circulating platelets contain receptors for vWF
- platelet adhesion
- aggregate of platelets --> platelet plug
Hemostatic plug - CORRECT ANSWERS - composed mainly of fibrin
- cross-linked fibrin mesh stabilizes the platelet plug
- traps erythrocytes and leukocytes
,Coagulation cascade - CORRECT ANSWERS - circulating plasma zymogen (clotting factors)
undergo a series of proteolytic activations
- end product is fibrin (insoluble)
- fibrinogen is soluble
- initiated through the extrinsic pathway
Factor Xa - CORRECT ANSWERS - activated FX (FXa) is a coagulation factor
- catalyzes conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
- FX can be converted to FXa by intrinsic and extrinsic tenase complex
- both complexes: an enzyme, cofactor, zymogen substrate
Positive regulation by thrombin - CORRECT ANSWERS - master regulator of the intrinsic
pathway
- involved in a positive feedback loop
- thrombin recruits players of the intrinsic pathway for amplification
- goal is to produce large quantity of fibrin to form hemostatic plug
Fibrinolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS - enzymatic process of breaking down cross-linked fibrin
into fibrin degradation products
- controls the size and spread of fibrin clot
- removes it once the damaged vessel is repaired
Fibrinolysis pathway - CORRECT ANSWERS - plasminogen activators convert plasminogen
into active plasmin
- plasmin breaks down the fibrin clot into fibrin degradation products
, Fibrinolysis regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS - fibrin degradation products inhibit thrombin
- inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
- hemostatic plug is unable to re-form
- when the clot is broken down, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) inhibits uPA and tPA to control
fibrinolysis
Negative regulators of primary hemostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS - nitric oxide
- prostacyclin
- CD39
Nitric oxide - CORRECT ANSWERS - health endothelium secretes nitric oxide (NO)
- prevent platelet adhesion and aggregation
Prostacyclin - CORRECT ANSWERS - healthy endothelium secretes prostacyclin
- lipid molecule
- prevent platelet adhesion and aggregation
CD39 - CORRECT ANSWERS - health endothelium expresses transmembrane ATPase CD39
- enzyme that catalyzes dephosphorylation of ATP
- prevents platelet activation
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) - CORRECT ANSWERS - inhibits the extrinsic pathway
- prevents further input from initiating pathway
- produced by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes
Antithrombin - CORRECT ANSWERS - produced by hepatocytes in the liver
