CIE IGCSE Geography notes Theme 3 – Economic development
Theme 3 – Economic development
Table of Content
3.1 Development ................................................................... 2
3.2 Food production ............................................................... 4
3.3 Industry ........................................................................... 8
3.4 Tourism .......................................................................... 10
3.5 Energy ............................................................................ 13
3.6 Water ............................................................................. 17
3.7 Environment risks of economic development ................. 22
1
, CIE IGCSE Geography notes Theme 3 – Economic development
3.1 Development
Development - process of a country becoming more advance
Indicators of development
GNP per capita - total income of a country, including learning from abroad, per head of population
Literacy - % of ppl who can read & write
Life expectancy - average age of ppl in a country are expected to live
Explain why there is a relationship between GNP per capita and life expectancy. (5)
• ↑ GNP ↑ investment in health care
o Better healthcare provided / more doctors, nurses
o Education about preveting diseases from spreading
• Countries with high GNP
o Ppl able to afford good diet → ↓ malnutrition
o Ppl healthier → ↑productivity ↑output
• Low GNP countries → poor sanitation & water supply → die from water borne diseases
Human Development Index (HDI)
Explain why HDI is a useful indicator of development (3)
• It takes into account a variety of factors (GNI per capita, life expectancy & literacy rate)
• Easy to carry out comparisons between countries
Explain why there are inequalities in the levels of development between countries. (4)
• Variations in climate, relief or soil fertility
• Communications/accessibility/transport links
• Presence/absence of raw materials, water supply & ports
• Presence of TNCs
• Varying levels of education
Primary sector Eg agriculture
Secondary sector Eg construction
Tertiary sector Eg education
Quaternary sector Eg computing
Suggest reasons for the difference in employment structure between LEDCs and MEDCs (4)
• Better education in MEDCs
• Availability/exhaustion of natural resources
• More technology in MEDCs
• Demand for services
• Many people in LEDCs are farmers
Explain why there is a large reduction of the workforce in the primary sector as a country develops. (4)
• Movement of people to urban areas
• People become more educated
• Loss of farmland to urbanisation
• More or better pay, more reliable work in factories/services
Explain why many people in cities in LEDCs work in the informal sector. (3)
• Lack of education
• Quick way to earn cash
• Can work for themselves from a very young age
2
, CIE IGCSE Geography notes Theme 3 – Economic development
Explain why employment structure changes as a country develops. (5)
• Mechanisation of jobs in primary/secondary sector → reduces need for workers
• Some primary industries close coz exhaustion of resources
• Growth of secondary sector as technology improves / globalisation
• Rise in tertiary as education/ skills levels increase
• Demand for services e.g. medical / growth of tourism
Explain why % of population employed in manufacturing industry changes as country develops. (5)
Increases Reduces
• Industrialisation occurs • Mechanisation of jobs in primary/secondary sector → reduces
• Low skill work in factories means many need for workers
ppl are employed • Rise in tertiary as education/ skills levels increase
• Manufactured goods are imported coz cheaper to import than
manufacture
Explain why quaternary industry has become important in countries where economic development is rapid. (4)
• Make large amounts of profit
• Provide info technology services to support other businesses
• Many ppl have skills to be employed in these industries
• Investment in R&D allows other businesses to improve
• Enables innovation to take place
Globalisation - Process in which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected
Explain how the TNC shows evidence of globalisation. (3)
• Has links / factories in many countries
• Many Suppliers/raw materials in LEDCs
• Headquarters in MEDC
Explain why globalisation has occurred. (5)
• ↑ profit
• ↑ mobility of labour and capital due to advance in transportation
• Make trade cheaper and more efficient
• Improved technology eg communications → eg internet / transportation → ↑ efficiency
• Growth of TNCs ↓ national barriers eg European Union
• Cheaper labour and taxes in LEDCs
Describe the benefits and problems of the economic activity for local people.
Adv Dis
• Employment • Loss of farmland or culture
• ↑ standard of living • ↑ traffic
• Improved service provision eg healthcare • Pollutions eg visual, air, sound
• Development of transport network or • ↑ prices
infrastructure • Litter
• Learn new skills
Suggest how the economic activity could damage the natural environment. (4)
• Atmospheric pollution from factory → greenhouse gases → global warming
• Water pollution
• Clearance of natural vegetation → loss of habitat → impact on ecosystem
3
, CIE IGCSE Geography notes Theme 3 – Economic development
Explain why many high technology industries have grown up in newly industrialised countries (NICs). (5)
• Low cost of land & labour
• Highly-skilled workers
• Good transport infrastructure → enables access to global market
• Lower taxes
• Less unions
• Lack of competition
Adv and Dis of tech
Adv Dis
• ↑ efficient • Loss of employment
• ↓ demand & cost of labour • High costs of repairs
• Few skills required • Machines may break down
Case Study - Walmart
Basic info • Name of country: Canada
• Headquarter in USA
• Owns 8000+ shops in many different countries eg UK
+ve impacts • Provides job opportunities eg In Mexico, 150000ppl employed in Walmart
• Donate millions to improve standard of living of local ppl
• Businesses increase for local companies that supply to Walmart eg In Canada, 6000 Canadian
suppliers creates US$10 billion of business every year
-ve impacts • Closure of small local firms coz they struggle to compete with low prices & range of products
Walmart sells
• Evironmentally damaging factories to LEDCs eg China where there're less strict environmental
laws → pollution
• Some companies which supply Walmart have long working hours eg In Bangladesh, some workers
work 80 hrs/week
3.2 Food production
Subsistence farming - producing things on farms for family only
Commercial farming - producing things on farms to sell
Explain why many ppl in LEDCs are subsistence farmers. (3)
• Lack of land, skills, tech, pesticides
• Need to feed their families
• Can't produce enough output for sell
Arable - growing crops
Pastoral - rearing animals
Mixed - combination of growing crops & rearing animals
Suggest the likely advantages to a farmer of mixed farming. (3)
• Variety of items to sell
• Easier to adapt to market changes
• Manure from animals used to fertilise crops
• Crop waste can used to feed animals
• Farmer has work throughout year
4
Theme 3 – Economic development
Table of Content
3.1 Development ................................................................... 2
3.2 Food production ............................................................... 4
3.3 Industry ........................................................................... 8
3.4 Tourism .......................................................................... 10
3.5 Energy ............................................................................ 13
3.6 Water ............................................................................. 17
3.7 Environment risks of economic development ................. 22
1
, CIE IGCSE Geography notes Theme 3 – Economic development
3.1 Development
Development - process of a country becoming more advance
Indicators of development
GNP per capita - total income of a country, including learning from abroad, per head of population
Literacy - % of ppl who can read & write
Life expectancy - average age of ppl in a country are expected to live
Explain why there is a relationship between GNP per capita and life expectancy. (5)
• ↑ GNP ↑ investment in health care
o Better healthcare provided / more doctors, nurses
o Education about preveting diseases from spreading
• Countries with high GNP
o Ppl able to afford good diet → ↓ malnutrition
o Ppl healthier → ↑productivity ↑output
• Low GNP countries → poor sanitation & water supply → die from water borne diseases
Human Development Index (HDI)
Explain why HDI is a useful indicator of development (3)
• It takes into account a variety of factors (GNI per capita, life expectancy & literacy rate)
• Easy to carry out comparisons between countries
Explain why there are inequalities in the levels of development between countries. (4)
• Variations in climate, relief or soil fertility
• Communications/accessibility/transport links
• Presence/absence of raw materials, water supply & ports
• Presence of TNCs
• Varying levels of education
Primary sector Eg agriculture
Secondary sector Eg construction
Tertiary sector Eg education
Quaternary sector Eg computing
Suggest reasons for the difference in employment structure between LEDCs and MEDCs (4)
• Better education in MEDCs
• Availability/exhaustion of natural resources
• More technology in MEDCs
• Demand for services
• Many people in LEDCs are farmers
Explain why there is a large reduction of the workforce in the primary sector as a country develops. (4)
• Movement of people to urban areas
• People become more educated
• Loss of farmland to urbanisation
• More or better pay, more reliable work in factories/services
Explain why many people in cities in LEDCs work in the informal sector. (3)
• Lack of education
• Quick way to earn cash
• Can work for themselves from a very young age
2
, CIE IGCSE Geography notes Theme 3 – Economic development
Explain why employment structure changes as a country develops. (5)
• Mechanisation of jobs in primary/secondary sector → reduces need for workers
• Some primary industries close coz exhaustion of resources
• Growth of secondary sector as technology improves / globalisation
• Rise in tertiary as education/ skills levels increase
• Demand for services e.g. medical / growth of tourism
Explain why % of population employed in manufacturing industry changes as country develops. (5)
Increases Reduces
• Industrialisation occurs • Mechanisation of jobs in primary/secondary sector → reduces
• Low skill work in factories means many need for workers
ppl are employed • Rise in tertiary as education/ skills levels increase
• Manufactured goods are imported coz cheaper to import than
manufacture
Explain why quaternary industry has become important in countries where economic development is rapid. (4)
• Make large amounts of profit
• Provide info technology services to support other businesses
• Many ppl have skills to be employed in these industries
• Investment in R&D allows other businesses to improve
• Enables innovation to take place
Globalisation - Process in which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected
Explain how the TNC shows evidence of globalisation. (3)
• Has links / factories in many countries
• Many Suppliers/raw materials in LEDCs
• Headquarters in MEDC
Explain why globalisation has occurred. (5)
• ↑ profit
• ↑ mobility of labour and capital due to advance in transportation
• Make trade cheaper and more efficient
• Improved technology eg communications → eg internet / transportation → ↑ efficiency
• Growth of TNCs ↓ national barriers eg European Union
• Cheaper labour and taxes in LEDCs
Describe the benefits and problems of the economic activity for local people.
Adv Dis
• Employment • Loss of farmland or culture
• ↑ standard of living • ↑ traffic
• Improved service provision eg healthcare • Pollutions eg visual, air, sound
• Development of transport network or • ↑ prices
infrastructure • Litter
• Learn new skills
Suggest how the economic activity could damage the natural environment. (4)
• Atmospheric pollution from factory → greenhouse gases → global warming
• Water pollution
• Clearance of natural vegetation → loss of habitat → impact on ecosystem
3
, CIE IGCSE Geography notes Theme 3 – Economic development
Explain why many high technology industries have grown up in newly industrialised countries (NICs). (5)
• Low cost of land & labour
• Highly-skilled workers
• Good transport infrastructure → enables access to global market
• Lower taxes
• Less unions
• Lack of competition
Adv and Dis of tech
Adv Dis
• ↑ efficient • Loss of employment
• ↓ demand & cost of labour • High costs of repairs
• Few skills required • Machines may break down
Case Study - Walmart
Basic info • Name of country: Canada
• Headquarter in USA
• Owns 8000+ shops in many different countries eg UK
+ve impacts • Provides job opportunities eg In Mexico, 150000ppl employed in Walmart
• Donate millions to improve standard of living of local ppl
• Businesses increase for local companies that supply to Walmart eg In Canada, 6000 Canadian
suppliers creates US$10 billion of business every year
-ve impacts • Closure of small local firms coz they struggle to compete with low prices & range of products
Walmart sells
• Evironmentally damaging factories to LEDCs eg China where there're less strict environmental
laws → pollution
• Some companies which supply Walmart have long working hours eg In Bangladesh, some workers
work 80 hrs/week
3.2 Food production
Subsistence farming - producing things on farms for family only
Commercial farming - producing things on farms to sell
Explain why many ppl in LEDCs are subsistence farmers. (3)
• Lack of land, skills, tech, pesticides
• Need to feed their families
• Can't produce enough output for sell
Arable - growing crops
Pastoral - rearing animals
Mixed - combination of growing crops & rearing animals
Suggest the likely advantages to a farmer of mixed farming. (3)
• Variety of items to sell
• Easier to adapt to market changes
• Manure from animals used to fertilise crops
• Crop waste can used to feed animals
• Farmer has work throughout year
4
