Updated Latest Structure of Head and Neck Test Bank Comprehensive Exam Questions and Verified Answers for Anatomy Mastery 2025–2026 This Complete Study Resource Covers Cranial Structures Muscles Nerves and Clinical Anatomy Concepts for Students This Exam

1. Enumerate the paranasal air sinuses with their draining sites. How
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maxillary hiatus is reduced? Mention their lining epithelium,
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development and functions of air sinuses. What is sinusitis? Paranasal
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air sinus:
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These are air filled cavities lined by muco-periosteum present within some bones
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around the nasal cavities.
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Paranasal Air Sinus T T Draining Sites T




1. Frontal Air Sinuses (1 pair)
T T T T T Anterior part of the middle meatus T T T T T T




through the ethmoidal infundibulum
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or frontonasal duct T T




a. Anterior (up to 2)
T T T T Middle meatus through ethmoidal
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2. Ethmoidal
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Air Sinuses
T b. Middle (3)
T T Middle meatus on or above the bulla
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c. Posterior (1-7)
T T Superior meatus T




3. Sphenoidal Air Sinuses (1 pair)
T T T T T Superior meatus T




4. Maxillary Air Sinuses (1 pair)
T T T T T Middle meatus through the lowest
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part of hiatus semilunaris T T T




All the air sinuses drains into middle meatus except the posterior part of ethmoidal
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air sinus and sphenoidal air sinus which drains into superior meatus.
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,Maxillary hiatus is reduced in living conditions by the following factors:
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Above: By uncinate process of Ethmoid bone and Lacrimal bone
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Below: By inferior nasal concha
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Behind: By maxillary process of perpendicular plate of Palatine bone. It
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is further reduced by thick mucosa of the nasal cavity.
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Lining epithelium of paranasal air sinuses:
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- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
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Development:
Paranasal air sinuses developed as diverticula of the lateral nasal wall and extends
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into the maxilla, ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid bones.
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Functions:
1. Lightening of the skull. T T T




2. Humidification of ais T T




3. Resonance of voice T T




4. Gives the shape of the face. T T T T T




Sinusitis:
Inflammation of mucosa of paranasal air sinuses producing inflammatory exudate or
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pus, is known as sinusitis.
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2. Mention cartilages, lining epithelium and nerve supply of the larynx.
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Give a short description of interior of larynx (with diagram). What is
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hoarseness of voice? What is laryngitis? T T T T T




Cartilages of larynx: T T




1. Unpaired cartilages: T




a. Cricoid cartilage T




b. Thyroid cartilage T




c. Epiglottic cartilage T




2. Paired cartilages: T




a. Arytenoid cartilage T




b. Cuneiform cartilage. T




c. Corniculate cartilage T

,Nice to know
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[Types:
A. Elastic fibrocartilage: T




Corniculate, cuneiform, epiglottic & the apices of the arytenoids. T T T T T T T T




B. Hyaline Cartilage: T




Thyroid, Cricoid & greater part of the arytenoids.]
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Lining epithelium of larynx:
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1. Anterior surface and upper part of the posterior surface of Epiglottis, upper
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part of the aryepiglottic folds and vocal fold are lined by Non-keratinized
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stratified squamous epithelium. T T




2. The rest of the larynx is lined by Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar
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epithelium.




Nerve supply of larynx:
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Motor supply:
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All the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of larynx are supplied by Recurrent
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laryngeal nerve, except Cricothyroid which is supplied by External laryngeal
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nerve.
Sensory supply: T




- Mucous membrane above the vocal fold is supplied by internal laryngeal nerve
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- Below the vocal fold is supplied by Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
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Autonomic Innervation: T




- Parasympathetic secretomotor fibers – run with both the superior and recurrent
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laryngeal nerves T




- Postganglionic sympathetic fibers – Originate in the superior and middle cervical
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ganglia.

, Interior of larynx: T T




Cavity of larynx extends from laryngeal inlet to the lower border of cricoid cartilage.
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It is divided into 3 parts by Vestibular and vocal folds,
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i. Upper part or Vestibule of larynx:
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- It extends from the laryngeal inlet to the vestibular folds. Vestibular folds are the
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mucosal folds which project medially and the gap between two vestibular fold is
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known as “Rima vestibuli.”
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ii. Middle part of Larynx: T T T




- It extends from vestibular folds to vocal folds. The gap between the vocal folds is
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known as “Rima Glottitis”. A small recess between the vestibular and vocal fold is
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known as the sinus of larynx. From it a small diverticulum passes upward called
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saccule of larynx.
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iii. Lower part of larynx: T T T




- It extends from vocal folds to the lower border of cricoid cartilage.
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