NSG 530 Exam 1 | Advanced Pathophysiology | Wilkes
University | 98 Actual Questions & Answers | Latest
2025/2026 | 100% Verified | pdf
Cellular Adaptation, Neoplasia, Genetics, Hypersensitivity,
Anemia, Diabetes, Endocrinology, Paraneoplastic
Syndromes
OVERVIEW
This comprehensive NSG 530 Exam 1 study guide contains 98 actual questions and verified
answers for Wilkes University's Advanced Pathophysiology course, updated for the latest
2025/2026 academic year. The document covers all major topics tested on Exam 1,
including cellular adaptation and injury (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia),
necrosis types (coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat necrosis), apoptosis, neoplasia and
tumor biology (tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, BRCA1/2, p53, carcinogenesis,
paraneoplastic syndromes), genetic inheritance patterns (autosomal dominant, autosomal
recessive, trisomy 21, Philadelphia chromosome), hypersensitivity reactions (Type I through
Type IV with clinical examples including anaphylaxis, Graves disease, SLE, rheumatoid
arthritis, PPD testing), hematologic disorders (iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia,
folate deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell disease,
thalassemia, polycythemia vera, ITP, hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, DIC), and
comprehensive endocrinology covering diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 (DKA, HHS,
SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, metformin, insulin therapy, diabetic complications
including nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, foot ulcers), thyroid disorders (Hashimoto
thyroiditis, Graves disease), adrenal disorders (Addison disease, Cushing
syndrome/disease, Conn syndrome, pheochromocytoma), and pituitary disorders
(prolactinoma). Each question includes the correct answer in bold with a detailed italic
explanation to reinforce pathophysiologic concepts. This document is 100% verified and
aligned with Wilkes University NSG 530 course objectives, making it essential for students
preparing for Exam 1, final exams, or FNP certification. Instant digital download.
,1. A 65-year-old male presents with fatigue, weight loss, and a persistent cough.
Biopsy reveals small cell lung cancer. Which paraneoplastic syndrome is most
commonly associated with this malignancy?
A) Hypercalcemia
B) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
C) Cushing syndrome
D) Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Answer: B
Small cell lung cancer is strongly associated with SIADH due to ectopic ADH
production, leading to hyponatremia. Lambert-Eaton is also associated but less
common than SIADH.
2. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of tumor
suppressor genes?
A) Regulate cell growth and prevent uncontrolled proliferation
B) Promote angiogenesis
C) Activate proto-oncogenes
D) Enhance DNA repair mechanisms only
Answer: A
*Tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53, Rb, BRCA1/2) normally regulate cell division,
repair DNA errors, and induce apoptosis. Loss of function allows uncontrolled
growth.*
,3. A 45-year-old woman with a family history of breast cancer undergoes genetic
testing. A mutation in which gene is most associated with hereditary breast and
ovarian cancer syndrome?
A) APC
B) BRCA1
C) MSH2
D) RET
Answer: B
*BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for most hereditary breast and ovarian
cancers. BRCA1 carries a 55-65% lifetime risk of breast cancer and 39% risk of
ovarian cancer.*
4. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size leading to
organ enlargement?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size, increasing organ mass without
increasing cell number. Common in cardiac myocytes (hypertension) and skeletal
muscle (exercise).
, 5. A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) develops Barrett
esophagus. This is an example of which cellular adaptation?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: D
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.
Barrett esophagus is metaplasia of normal squamous epithelium to columnar
epithelium in response to chronic acid exposure.
6. Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in the lungs following tuberculosis
infection?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis,
appearing cheese-like. It is characteristic of tuberculosis and certain fungal
infections.
University | 98 Actual Questions & Answers | Latest
2025/2026 | 100% Verified | pdf
Cellular Adaptation, Neoplasia, Genetics, Hypersensitivity,
Anemia, Diabetes, Endocrinology, Paraneoplastic
Syndromes
OVERVIEW
This comprehensive NSG 530 Exam 1 study guide contains 98 actual questions and verified
answers for Wilkes University's Advanced Pathophysiology course, updated for the latest
2025/2026 academic year. The document covers all major topics tested on Exam 1,
including cellular adaptation and injury (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia),
necrosis types (coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat necrosis), apoptosis, neoplasia and
tumor biology (tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, BRCA1/2, p53, carcinogenesis,
paraneoplastic syndromes), genetic inheritance patterns (autosomal dominant, autosomal
recessive, trisomy 21, Philadelphia chromosome), hypersensitivity reactions (Type I through
Type IV with clinical examples including anaphylaxis, Graves disease, SLE, rheumatoid
arthritis, PPD testing), hematologic disorders (iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia,
folate deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell disease,
thalassemia, polycythemia vera, ITP, hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, DIC), and
comprehensive endocrinology covering diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 (DKA, HHS,
SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, metformin, insulin therapy, diabetic complications
including nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, foot ulcers), thyroid disorders (Hashimoto
thyroiditis, Graves disease), adrenal disorders (Addison disease, Cushing
syndrome/disease, Conn syndrome, pheochromocytoma), and pituitary disorders
(prolactinoma). Each question includes the correct answer in bold with a detailed italic
explanation to reinforce pathophysiologic concepts. This document is 100% verified and
aligned with Wilkes University NSG 530 course objectives, making it essential for students
preparing for Exam 1, final exams, or FNP certification. Instant digital download.
,1. A 65-year-old male presents with fatigue, weight loss, and a persistent cough.
Biopsy reveals small cell lung cancer. Which paraneoplastic syndrome is most
commonly associated with this malignancy?
A) Hypercalcemia
B) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
C) Cushing syndrome
D) Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Answer: B
Small cell lung cancer is strongly associated with SIADH due to ectopic ADH
production, leading to hyponatremia. Lambert-Eaton is also associated but less
common than SIADH.
2. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of tumor
suppressor genes?
A) Regulate cell growth and prevent uncontrolled proliferation
B) Promote angiogenesis
C) Activate proto-oncogenes
D) Enhance DNA repair mechanisms only
Answer: A
*Tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53, Rb, BRCA1/2) normally regulate cell division,
repair DNA errors, and induce apoptosis. Loss of function allows uncontrolled
growth.*
,3. A 45-year-old woman with a family history of breast cancer undergoes genetic
testing. A mutation in which gene is most associated with hereditary breast and
ovarian cancer syndrome?
A) APC
B) BRCA1
C) MSH2
D) RET
Answer: B
*BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for most hereditary breast and ovarian
cancers. BRCA1 carries a 55-65% lifetime risk of breast cancer and 39% risk of
ovarian cancer.*
4. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size leading to
organ enlargement?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size, increasing organ mass without
increasing cell number. Common in cardiac myocytes (hypertension) and skeletal
muscle (exercise).
, 5. A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) develops Barrett
esophagus. This is an example of which cellular adaptation?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: D
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.
Barrett esophagus is metaplasia of normal squamous epithelium to columnar
epithelium in response to chronic acid exposure.
6. Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in the lungs following tuberculosis
infection?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis,
appearing cheese-like. It is characteristic of tuberculosis and certain fungal
infections.
