SOC 201 - Final Exam Review QUESTIONS WITH WELL VERIFIED
ANSWERS
African Americans - answer☑️✔️..African Americans were often targeted in mobs, especially in
Southern cities, during periods of racial tension. This included violence to maintain white
supremacy and control.
Immigrants - answer☑️✔️..New immigrants, especially the Irish, Germans, and later Italians,
were also targets of violence in many cities, where they were seen as a threat to existing social
and political structures.
Native Americans - answer☑️✔️..In the 19th century, Native Americans were displaced and
frequently the victims of violent mobs seeking land, resources, and control over the expanding
nation.
Catholics - answer☑️✔️..In some cities, particularly in the Northeast, Catholic immigrants
were subjected to mob violence due to religious prejudice from the predominantly Protestant
population.
The more things change, the more they stay the same - answer☑️✔️..The history of race and
ethnicity in the U.S. reveals patterns of inequality and discrimination that, despite legislative
and societal changes, continue to persist.
Systemic Racism - answer☑️✔️..Issues such as systemic racism, discrimination against
immigrants, and inequality for African Americans and other minorities have evolved but remain
deeply embedded in U.S. society.
Racial Segregation - answer☑️✔️..While slavery was abolished, racial segregation, police
brutality, and racial profiling have continued forms of racial discrimination.
,Biological Concept of Race - answer☑️✔️..The biological concept of race suggests that human
beings can be divided into distinct groups based on physical characteristics such as skin color,
facial features, or hair texture.
Critique of Biological Race - answer☑️✔️..There is no scientific basis for race as a biological
category. Genetic differences within so-called racial groups are greater than between groups.
Genetic Diversity - answer☑️✔️..The human race is far too genetically diverse to be divided
into rigid biological categories.
Social Construction of Race - answer☑️✔️..Race is not based on inherent biological traits but
rather on social and cultural beliefs.
Societal Assignments of Race - answer☑️✔️..Society assigns different meanings to physical
traits, and these meanings shape social interactions, opportunities, and identity.
Historical Context of Race - answer☑️✔️..Historical context and societal structures determine
the significance of race, leading to its existence as a social category.
U.S. Racial Classification Shift - answer☑️✔️..The U.S. racial classification has shifted over time;
for instance, Irish, Italians, and Jewish people were once considered racially distinct and inferior
to white Anglo-Saxons.
Cultural Connection - answer☑️✔️..A strong sense of community, shared history, and support
networks fostered by ethnic identity.
Pride and Empowerment - answer☑️✔️..A strong ethnic identity can lead to pride in one's
heritage and serve as a source of strength, particularly in marginalized communities.
,Cultural Preservation - answer☑️✔️..Ethnic identity can help preserve traditions, language,
and cultural practices that might otherwise be lost.
Exclusionary Practices - answer☑️✔️..Sometimes, ethnic identity can become exclusive,
leading to division, prejudice, or tension between groups.
Stereotyping - answer☑️✔️..Strong ethnic identities can sometimes reinforce stereotypes or
lead to a narrow, overgeneralized view of others.
Ethnic Conflict - answer☑️✔️..Ethnic identity can contribute to ethnic conflicts when
individuals identify more with their ethnic group than with the larger society.
Prejudice - answer☑️✔️..A preconceived, often negative, judgment or opinion about an
individual or group based on their membership in a certain social group.
Racism - answer☑️✔️..A belief in the inherent superiority of one race over others, often
resulting in discrimination, exclusion, and unequal treatment of people based on their race.
Stereotypes - answer☑️✔️..Oversimplified and generalized beliefs about a group of people
that often lead to unfair assumptions or discrimination.
Frustration-Aggression Theory - answer☑️✔️..Suggests that prejudice arises from frustration
and the displacement of aggression onto a scapegoat (often a marginalized group).
Authoritarian Personality - answer☑️✔️..Individuals with authoritarian personalities may be
more prone to prejudice, valuing conformity and submission to authority.
, Ingroup vs. Outgroup Theory - answer☑️✔️..People tend to favor those who belong to their
ingroup, which leads to prejudice against those perceived as outsiders.
Conflict Theory - answer☑️✔️..Prejudice and racism arise from competition for scarce
resources, where dominant groups use prejudice to maintain power and control.
Functionalism - answer☑️✔️..Suggests that prejudice may have been functional for social
cohesion in the past, although it is dysfunctional in a multicultural society.
Symbolic Interactionism - answer☑️✔️..Focuses on how people learn prejudice through
socialization and cultural norms, especially through language and media representations.
Old-Style Prejudice - answer☑️✔️..Overt, blatant racism and discriminatory acts.
Modern Prejudice - answer☑️✔️..Subtle, covert forms of discrimination, often expressed in
unconscious biases, microaggressions, or institutional policies.
Merton's Typology - answer☑️✔️..Robert Merton argued that prejudice and discrimination do
not always coincide.
Prejudiced nondiscriminators - answer☑️✔️..People who hold prejudiced views but do not act
on them due to social pressures or legal constraints.
Unprejudiced discriminators - answer☑️✔️..Individuals who do not hold prejudiced views but
still discriminate due to social or institutional pressures.
Prejudiced discriminators - answer☑️✔️..People who both hold prejudiced views and act on
them, engaging in discriminatory behavior.
ANSWERS
African Americans - answer☑️✔️..African Americans were often targeted in mobs, especially in
Southern cities, during periods of racial tension. This included violence to maintain white
supremacy and control.
Immigrants - answer☑️✔️..New immigrants, especially the Irish, Germans, and later Italians,
were also targets of violence in many cities, where they were seen as a threat to existing social
and political structures.
Native Americans - answer☑️✔️..In the 19th century, Native Americans were displaced and
frequently the victims of violent mobs seeking land, resources, and control over the expanding
nation.
Catholics - answer☑️✔️..In some cities, particularly in the Northeast, Catholic immigrants
were subjected to mob violence due to religious prejudice from the predominantly Protestant
population.
The more things change, the more they stay the same - answer☑️✔️..The history of race and
ethnicity in the U.S. reveals patterns of inequality and discrimination that, despite legislative
and societal changes, continue to persist.
Systemic Racism - answer☑️✔️..Issues such as systemic racism, discrimination against
immigrants, and inequality for African Americans and other minorities have evolved but remain
deeply embedded in U.S. society.
Racial Segregation - answer☑️✔️..While slavery was abolished, racial segregation, police
brutality, and racial profiling have continued forms of racial discrimination.
,Biological Concept of Race - answer☑️✔️..The biological concept of race suggests that human
beings can be divided into distinct groups based on physical characteristics such as skin color,
facial features, or hair texture.
Critique of Biological Race - answer☑️✔️..There is no scientific basis for race as a biological
category. Genetic differences within so-called racial groups are greater than between groups.
Genetic Diversity - answer☑️✔️..The human race is far too genetically diverse to be divided
into rigid biological categories.
Social Construction of Race - answer☑️✔️..Race is not based on inherent biological traits but
rather on social and cultural beliefs.
Societal Assignments of Race - answer☑️✔️..Society assigns different meanings to physical
traits, and these meanings shape social interactions, opportunities, and identity.
Historical Context of Race - answer☑️✔️..Historical context and societal structures determine
the significance of race, leading to its existence as a social category.
U.S. Racial Classification Shift - answer☑️✔️..The U.S. racial classification has shifted over time;
for instance, Irish, Italians, and Jewish people were once considered racially distinct and inferior
to white Anglo-Saxons.
Cultural Connection - answer☑️✔️..A strong sense of community, shared history, and support
networks fostered by ethnic identity.
Pride and Empowerment - answer☑️✔️..A strong ethnic identity can lead to pride in one's
heritage and serve as a source of strength, particularly in marginalized communities.
,Cultural Preservation - answer☑️✔️..Ethnic identity can help preserve traditions, language,
and cultural practices that might otherwise be lost.
Exclusionary Practices - answer☑️✔️..Sometimes, ethnic identity can become exclusive,
leading to division, prejudice, or tension between groups.
Stereotyping - answer☑️✔️..Strong ethnic identities can sometimes reinforce stereotypes or
lead to a narrow, overgeneralized view of others.
Ethnic Conflict - answer☑️✔️..Ethnic identity can contribute to ethnic conflicts when
individuals identify more with their ethnic group than with the larger society.
Prejudice - answer☑️✔️..A preconceived, often negative, judgment or opinion about an
individual or group based on their membership in a certain social group.
Racism - answer☑️✔️..A belief in the inherent superiority of one race over others, often
resulting in discrimination, exclusion, and unequal treatment of people based on their race.
Stereotypes - answer☑️✔️..Oversimplified and generalized beliefs about a group of people
that often lead to unfair assumptions or discrimination.
Frustration-Aggression Theory - answer☑️✔️..Suggests that prejudice arises from frustration
and the displacement of aggression onto a scapegoat (often a marginalized group).
Authoritarian Personality - answer☑️✔️..Individuals with authoritarian personalities may be
more prone to prejudice, valuing conformity and submission to authority.
, Ingroup vs. Outgroup Theory - answer☑️✔️..People tend to favor those who belong to their
ingroup, which leads to prejudice against those perceived as outsiders.
Conflict Theory - answer☑️✔️..Prejudice and racism arise from competition for scarce
resources, where dominant groups use prejudice to maintain power and control.
Functionalism - answer☑️✔️..Suggests that prejudice may have been functional for social
cohesion in the past, although it is dysfunctional in a multicultural society.
Symbolic Interactionism - answer☑️✔️..Focuses on how people learn prejudice through
socialization and cultural norms, especially through language and media representations.
Old-Style Prejudice - answer☑️✔️..Overt, blatant racism and discriminatory acts.
Modern Prejudice - answer☑️✔️..Subtle, covert forms of discrimination, often expressed in
unconscious biases, microaggressions, or institutional policies.
Merton's Typology - answer☑️✔️..Robert Merton argued that prejudice and discrimination do
not always coincide.
Prejudiced nondiscriminators - answer☑️✔️..People who hold prejudiced views but do not act
on them due to social pressures or legal constraints.
Unprejudiced discriminators - answer☑️✔️..Individuals who do not hold prejudiced views but
still discriminate due to social or institutional pressures.
Prejudiced discriminators - answer☑️✔️..People who both hold prejudiced views and act on
them, engaging in discriminatory behavior.
