Updated and Latest 2025–2026 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry 5th Edition Test Bank by T.W. Graham Solomons with Complete Questions and Verified Answers for Exam Preparation and Study Guide

,Table of Contents
Partial table of contents:

Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds.

Representative Carbon Compounds.

An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases.

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations of Molecules.

Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules.

Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis.

Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions.

Radical Reactions.

Alcohols and Ethers.

Conjugated Unsaturated Systems.

Aromatic Compounds.

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds.

Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group.

Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions.

Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl
Carbon.

Amines.

Carbohydrates.

Lipids.

Answers to Selected Problems.

Glossary.

Index.

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C OMPOUNDS AND C HEMICAL B ONDS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1. Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon. T T T T T T T T




2. The compounds of carbon are the central substances of which all living things on
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this planet are made.
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1) DNA: the giant molecules that contain all the genetic information for a given
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species.
2) proteins: blood, muscle, and skin. T T T




3) enzymes: catalyze the reactions that occur in our bodies.T T T T T T T




4) furnish the energy that sustains life.
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3. Billion years ago most of the carbon atoms on the earth existed as CH4:
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1) CH4, H2O, NH3, H2 were the main components of the primordial atmosphere.
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2) Electrical discharges and other forms of highly energetic radiation caused these
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simple compounds to fragment into highly reactive pieces which combine into
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more complex compounds such as amino acids, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide,
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purines, and pyrimidines. T T




3) Amino acids reacted with each other to form the first protein.
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4) Formaldehyde reacted with each other to become sugars, and some of these sugars,
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together with inorganic phosphates, combined with purines and pyrimidines to
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become simple molecules of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) and DNA.
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4. We live in an Age of Organic Chemistry:
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1) clothing: T T natural or synthetic substance. T T T




2) household items: T




3) automobiles:
4) medicines:
5) pesticides:

5. Pollutions:
1) insecticides: T T T natural or synthetic substance. T T T




2) PCBs:

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3) dioxins:
4) CFCs:




1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AS A SCIENCE
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1. The ancient Egyptians used indigo (藍靛) and alizarin (茜素) to dye cloth.
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2. The Phoenicians (腓尼基人) used the famous “royal purple (深藍紫色)”, obtained
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from mollusks (墨魚、章魚、貝殼等軟體動物), as a dyestuff.
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3. As a science, organic chemistry is less than 200 years old.
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1.2A Vitalism

“Organic” ––– derived from living organism
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chemist)
 the study of compounds extracted from living organisms
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 such compounds needed “vital force” to create them
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1. In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler Discovered:
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O
NH4+ −OCN T heat
H 2N C NH2


Ammonium cyanate T Urea T




(inorganic) (organic)


1.2 B Empirical and Molecular Formulas T T T




1. In 1784 Antoine Lavoisier ( 法國化學家拉瓦錫) first showed that
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organic compounds were composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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2. Between 1811 and 1831, quantitative methods for determining the composition of
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