Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
TEST BANK
Massage Therapy
Principles and Practice
Susan G. Salvo
6th Edition
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
Table of Contents
Unit I: Foundations for Practice, Basic and Complementary Methods, and Business Practices
Chapter 1. History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era and Professional Societies, Organizations, and
Associations
Chapter 2. Therapeutic Relationships
Chapter 3. Tools of the Trade: Massage Tables, Table Accessories, Linens, Lubricant, and the Treatment Room
Chapter 4. Career Longevity: Self-Care, Burnout Prevention, and the Wellness Model
Chapter 5. Evidence Informed Practice and Research Literacy
Chapter 6. Massage Therapy and Research: A Review of the Literature
Chapter 7. Body Mechanics, Client Positioning, and Draping
Chapter 8. Massage Techniques, Joint Mobilizations, and Stretches
Chapter 9. Standard Precautions, Contraindications, and Emergency Preparedness
Chapter 10. Professional Standards: Scope of Practice, Assessment, Treatment Planning, Informed Consent,
Documentation, and Networking with Health Care Providers
Chapter 11. Special Populations: Massage for Pregnant Women, Infants, Children, Adolescents, Tactical Athletes
and the Military, the Elderly, People with Visual, Hearing, and Mobility Impairments, and Those in Hospice Care
Chapter 12. Hydrotherapy and Spa
Chapter 13. Foot Reflexology: Theories and Techniques
Chapter 14. Clinical Massage
Chapter 15. Seated Massage: Principles and Practice
Chapter 16. Asian Bodywork Therapy: Shiatsu, Thai Massage, Ayurveda Principles, and Chakras
Chapter 17. Business, Marketing, Accounting, and Finance
Unit II: Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 18. Introduction to the Human Body: Cells, Tissues, and the Body Compass
Chapter 19. Skeletal System and Pathologies
Chapter 20. Muscular System and Pathologies
Chapter 21. Kinesiology
Chapter 22. Integumentary System and Pathologies
Chapter 23. Nervous System
Chapter 24. Endocrine System and Pathologies
Chapter 25. Reproductive System and Pathologies
Chapter 26. Cardiovascular System and Pathologies
Chapter 27. Lymphatic System and Pathologies
Chapter 28. Respiratory System and Pathologies
Chapter 29. Urinary System and Pathologies
Chapter 30. Urinary System
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era, and
Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations
Salvo: Massage Therapy, 6th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which method is defined as manual manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for
therapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes?
a. Acupuncture
b. Ayurveda
c. Polarity therapy
d. Massage therapy
ANS: D
Massage therapy is as a method of manipulating soft tissue using pressure and traction for
therapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes.
2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
a. Mashesh
b. Masso
c. Masser
d. Makeh
ANS: B
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew
mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit
makeh, and the French masser.
3. When is the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
a. 1600s
b. 1700s
c. 1800s
d. 1900s
ANS: C
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-based cultures.
Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or simply rubbing.
4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BC in which country?
a. India
b. China
c. Egypt
d. Greece
ANS: B
Early records have revealed that the practice of massage goes back to China, as early as 3000
BC. Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BC.
5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
a. Tao Te Ching
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
b. Nei Ching
c. Ayur-Veda
d. Corpus Hippocraticum
ANS: B
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the
Yellow Emperor (died in 2599 BC) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese
medicine known as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BC, and this work
contains detailed descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.
6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic
therapies?
a. Polarity
b. Shiatsu
c. Acupuncture
d. Amma
ANS: D
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese
therapies, manual and energetic.
7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Amma
d. Polarity
ANS: A
Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China and massage
became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical works, the
Ayur-Veda books of wisdom (about 1800 BC) and recommend it as an almost indispensable
healing procedure.
8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses applied pressure
of the thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Massage
d. Amma
ANS: B
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as
acupuncture. Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy;
shiatsu therapists use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, and elbows, and even their knees and
feet.
9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
a. Galen
b. Celsus
c. Rhazes
d. Hippocrates
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
ANS: D
Hippocrates was known to be a fine clinician, founder of a medical school, author of
numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing.” His works are collectively
known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known about
disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of
modern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to
patients.
10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both
the East and the West?
a. Rhazes
b. Celsus
c. Avicenna
d. Hippocrates
ANS: C
A text entitled or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest
Persian physicians of his era, Avicenna (980-1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The
Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the East and
the West.
11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
a. Paré
b. Harvey
c. Galen
d. Mezger
ANS: A
Ambroise Paré (1515-1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest
individuals in this era to discuss the effects of massage. He also used friction to treat
dislocated joints and other orthopedic conditions.
12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular
contraction of the heart?
a. Paré
b. Galen
c. Harvey
d. Mezger
ANS: C
English scientist William Harvey (1578–1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628.
Harvey observed the hearts of living animals and determined that muscular contraction
(systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins. This discovery enhanced the acceptance of
massage as a therapeutic measure.
13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
a. Johann Mezger
b. Pehr H. Ling
c. George Henry Taylor
d. John Harvey Kellogg
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
ANS: B
Ling developed his own system of medical or Swedish gymnastics and exercise, known as the
Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The term Swedish massage
was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System?
a. Shiatsu
b. Ayurveda
c. Thai massage
d. Swedish massage
ANS: D
The term “Swedish massage” was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
For this reason, Ling is often regarded as the father of Swedish massage.
15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe
massage techniques?
a. Johann Mezger
b. William Harvey
c. Pehr H. Ling
d. Charles Taylor
ANS: A
The Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838–1909) is credited with having introduced the
French terminology still used to describe massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage,
tapotement) that are currently used in massage legislation and massage curricula. French was
the international language in the nineteenth century.
16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care?
a. Tiffany Field
b. Florence Nightingale
c. Charles Fayette Taylor
d. John Harvey Kellogg
ANS: B
Florence Nightingale (1829-1910) from England was the founder of modern nursing. She
assumed patient care in hospitals in Turkey during the Crimean War (1853-1856). She
developed a standard of care for soldiers, which massage was an integral part of.
17. French physician Lucas-Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured
during which event?
a. World War I
b. World War II
c. Civil War
d. Viet Nam War
ANS: A
World War I provided countless opportunities for the use of massage and exercise to
rehabilitate injured soldiers. French physician Just Lucas-Championniere (1843-1913)
advocated for the use of massage and passive movements to treat soft tissue injuries,
particularly fractures.
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
18. In what year did George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette Taylor introduce the Swedish
Movement system in the United States?
a. 1796
b. 1856
c. 1911
d. 1958
ANS: B
Two brothers, Drs. George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette Taylor, introduced the Swedish
Movement System in the United States in 1856. The Taylors had studied the techniques in
Europe and returned to the United States, where they opened an orthopedic practice with a
specialization massage, exercise, water cures, and nutrition.
19. Who wrote the first American textbook on the Swedish Movement System in 1860?
a. Hartvig Nissen
b. Andrew Weil
c. George Taylor
d. Douglas Graham
ANS: C
George Taylor wrote the first American textbook on the Swedish Movement System in 1860,
titled An Exposition of the Swedish Movement Cure.
20. Who opened the Swedish Health Institute of Washington, DC, considered the first massage
school in the United States?
a. John Harvey Kellogg
b. Douglas Graham
c. Just Lucas-Championniere
d. Hartvig Nissen
ANS: D
In 1883, Hartvig Nissen opened the Swedish Health Institute of Washington, DC). It is
considered the first massage school in the United States.
21. Who helped popularize massage therapy in the United States during the modern era by writing
numerous books and publishing articles in his magazine, Good Health?
a. John Harvey Kellogg
b. Douglas Graham
c. Just Lucas-Championniere
d. Hartvig Nissen
ANS: A
John Harvey Kellogg (1852–1943) of Battle Creek, Michigan, promoted massage to the
general public. He wrote numerous articles and books on massage and published a magazine
called Good Health.
22. Which massage organization took the first step toward professionalism by the establishing a
massage curriculum and accreditation of massage schools?
a. American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses
b. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy
c. Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
d. Society of Trained Masseuses
ANS: D
Four British women established the Society of Trained Masseuses in 1894. They sought to
legitimize massage, which had become associated with prostitution. The Society established a
massage practice model, which regulated massage through the establishment of a massage
curriculum and accreditation of massage schools which included regular inspections and use
of only qualified for massage instructors. Members of the Society were required to pass
examinations and were subject to routine surveillance.
23. What was the original name of the American Massage Therapy Association?
a. Society of Trained Masseuses
b. Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association
c. American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses
d. Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics
ANS: C
In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago created the
American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses, renamed the American Massage and
Therapy Association in 1958, then finally the American Massage Therapy Association in
1983.
24. When was the American Massage and Therapy Association founded?
a. 1926
b. 1943
c. 1965
d. 1987
ANS: B
In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago founded the
American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses. The name was changed to the American
Massage and Therapy Association in 1958, and then was changed again to the American
Massage Therapy Association, in 1983.
25. When was the Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals founded?
a. 1926
b. 1943
c. 1965
d. 1987
ANS: D
Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals was founded in 1987.
26. Which center was a think tank for human potential movement and the first exposure to
massage for many people?
a. Remedial Hygienic Institute
b. Esalen Institute
c. Swedish Institute
d. Touch Research Institute
ANS: B
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
In 1962, Michael Murphy and Richard Pierce founded the Esalen Institute, a retreat center and
think tank for human potential movement. For many people, Esalen was their first exposure to
massage and where many came to learn massage.
27. What organization was established to advance massage by supporting research?
a. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals
b. National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
c. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards
d. Massage Therapy Foundation
ANS: D
In 1990, the American Massage Therapy Foundation was established by the AMTA to
advance the massage profession through supporting scientific research and evidence-informed
practice skills. In 2004, the foundation became an independent organization and changed its
name to the Massage Therapy Foundation.
28. What organization offered a national certification exam in 1992 that was later adopted by
most states as a licensure requirement?
a. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards
b. National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
c. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals
d. American Massage Therapy Association
ANS: B
In 1992, the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork was
founded due to encouragement from the AMTA and other industry leaders. The objective was
to create a national certification to facilitate massage licensing reciprocity throughout the
United States. A national certification exam was created, and many states adopted it as part of
their licensing requirements.
29. What type of credential did the National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and
Bodywork begin offering in 2013?
a. Master’s certification
b. Research licensure
c. Board certification
d. National licensure
ANS: C
In 2013, NCBTMB began providing board certification, which is currently the highest
voluntary credential in the massage profession. Offering the exam as part of state licensure
was retired in 2014.
30. Which center is the first in the world to focus on the effects of massage and its application in
the treatment of diseases?
a. Remedial Hygienic Institute
b. Esalen Institute
c. Swedish Institute
d. Touch Research Institute
ANS: D
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
The Touch Research Institute at the University of Miami’s School of Medicine was
established in 1992 under the directorship of Dr. Tiffany Field. The Institute is the first in the
world to focus on effects of massage and touch and its applications in the treatment of
diseases. Their research has shown that massage and touch have numerous beneficial effects
on health and well-being.
31. Which organization developed and released the Massage and Bodywork Licensing
Examination in 2008?
a. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards
b. National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
c. American Massage Therapy Association
d. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals
ANS: A
In 2005, the Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards was formed after the ABMP
convened a meeting of massage regulators and educators. One of the initial goals of the
Federation was to create a valid and reliable licensing exam. In 2008 the Massage &
Bodywork Licensing Examination (MBLEx) was released. In 2014, the MBLEx became the
only licensing exam in the United States.
32. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, which approach
is considered mind/body practice?
a. Probiotics
b. Herbal supplements
c. Yoga
d. Booster vaccinations
ANS: C
NCCIH classifies CIH therapies into natural products such as herbal supplements and
probiotics and mind/body practices such as massage, acupuncture, and yoga. Massage therapy
and chiropractic and osteopathic manipulations are among the most common complementary
health care practices utilized by the general public.
33. How is human trafficking best described?
a. Immigrant movement
b. Modern-day slavery
c. Modern-day pioneering
d. Rehabilitative coercion
ANS: B
Human trafficking is the unlawful trade of people; it is modern-day slavery. Human
trafficking is the third largest source of revenue for organized crime, just behind drugs and
guns/firearms trafficking.
34. Which illegal activity uses massage as a cover for its operations?
a. Arms dealing
b. Dog fighting
c. Drug running
d. Sex trafficking
ANS: D
TEST BANK
Massage Therapy
Principles and Practice
Susan G. Salvo
6th Edition
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
Table of Contents
Unit I: Foundations for Practice, Basic and Complementary Methods, and Business Practices
Chapter 1. History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era and Professional Societies, Organizations, and
Associations
Chapter 2. Therapeutic Relationships
Chapter 3. Tools of the Trade: Massage Tables, Table Accessories, Linens, Lubricant, and the Treatment Room
Chapter 4. Career Longevity: Self-Care, Burnout Prevention, and the Wellness Model
Chapter 5. Evidence Informed Practice and Research Literacy
Chapter 6. Massage Therapy and Research: A Review of the Literature
Chapter 7. Body Mechanics, Client Positioning, and Draping
Chapter 8. Massage Techniques, Joint Mobilizations, and Stretches
Chapter 9. Standard Precautions, Contraindications, and Emergency Preparedness
Chapter 10. Professional Standards: Scope of Practice, Assessment, Treatment Planning, Informed Consent,
Documentation, and Networking with Health Care Providers
Chapter 11. Special Populations: Massage for Pregnant Women, Infants, Children, Adolescents, Tactical Athletes
and the Military, the Elderly, People with Visual, Hearing, and Mobility Impairments, and Those in Hospice Care
Chapter 12. Hydrotherapy and Spa
Chapter 13. Foot Reflexology: Theories and Techniques
Chapter 14. Clinical Massage
Chapter 15. Seated Massage: Principles and Practice
Chapter 16. Asian Bodywork Therapy: Shiatsu, Thai Massage, Ayurveda Principles, and Chakras
Chapter 17. Business, Marketing, Accounting, and Finance
Unit II: Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 18. Introduction to the Human Body: Cells, Tissues, and the Body Compass
Chapter 19. Skeletal System and Pathologies
Chapter 20. Muscular System and Pathologies
Chapter 21. Kinesiology
Chapter 22. Integumentary System and Pathologies
Chapter 23. Nervous System
Chapter 24. Endocrine System and Pathologies
Chapter 25. Reproductive System and Pathologies
Chapter 26. Cardiovascular System and Pathologies
Chapter 27. Lymphatic System and Pathologies
Chapter 28. Respiratory System and Pathologies
Chapter 29. Urinary System and Pathologies
Chapter 30. Urinary System
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era, and
Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations
Salvo: Massage Therapy, 6th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which method is defined as manual manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for
therapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes?
a. Acupuncture
b. Ayurveda
c. Polarity therapy
d. Massage therapy
ANS: D
Massage therapy is as a method of manipulating soft tissue using pressure and traction for
therapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes.
2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
a. Mashesh
b. Masso
c. Masser
d. Makeh
ANS: B
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew
mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit
makeh, and the French masser.
3. When is the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
a. 1600s
b. 1700s
c. 1800s
d. 1900s
ANS: C
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-based cultures.
Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or simply rubbing.
4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BC in which country?
a. India
b. China
c. Egypt
d. Greece
ANS: B
Early records have revealed that the practice of massage goes back to China, as early as 3000
BC. Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BC.
5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
a. Tao Te Ching
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
b. Nei Ching
c. Ayur-Veda
d. Corpus Hippocraticum
ANS: B
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the
Yellow Emperor (died in 2599 BC) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese
medicine known as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BC, and this work
contains detailed descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.
6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic
therapies?
a. Polarity
b. Shiatsu
c. Acupuncture
d. Amma
ANS: D
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese
therapies, manual and energetic.
7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Amma
d. Polarity
ANS: A
Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China and massage
became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical works, the
Ayur-Veda books of wisdom (about 1800 BC) and recommend it as an almost indispensable
healing procedure.
8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses applied pressure
of the thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Massage
d. Amma
ANS: B
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as
acupuncture. Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy;
shiatsu therapists use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, and elbows, and even their knees and
feet.
9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
a. Galen
b. Celsus
c. Rhazes
d. Hippocrates
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
ANS: D
Hippocrates was known to be a fine clinician, founder of a medical school, author of
numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing.” His works are collectively
known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known about
disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of
modern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to
patients.
10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both
the East and the West?
a. Rhazes
b. Celsus
c. Avicenna
d. Hippocrates
ANS: C
A text entitled or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest
Persian physicians of his era, Avicenna (980-1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The
Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the East and
the West.
11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
a. Paré
b. Harvey
c. Galen
d. Mezger
ANS: A
Ambroise Paré (1515-1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest
individuals in this era to discuss the effects of massage. He also used friction to treat
dislocated joints and other orthopedic conditions.
12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular
contraction of the heart?
a. Paré
b. Galen
c. Harvey
d. Mezger
ANS: C
English scientist William Harvey (1578–1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628.
Harvey observed the hearts of living animals and determined that muscular contraction
(systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins. This discovery enhanced the acceptance of
massage as a therapeutic measure.
13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
a. Johann Mezger
b. Pehr H. Ling
c. George Henry Taylor
d. John Harvey Kellogg
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
ANS: B
Ling developed his own system of medical or Swedish gymnastics and exercise, known as the
Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The term Swedish massage
was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System?
a. Shiatsu
b. Ayurveda
c. Thai massage
d. Swedish massage
ANS: D
The term “Swedish massage” was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
For this reason, Ling is often regarded as the father of Swedish massage.
15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe
massage techniques?
a. Johann Mezger
b. William Harvey
c. Pehr H. Ling
d. Charles Taylor
ANS: A
The Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838–1909) is credited with having introduced the
French terminology still used to describe massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage,
tapotement) that are currently used in massage legislation and massage curricula. French was
the international language in the nineteenth century.
16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care?
a. Tiffany Field
b. Florence Nightingale
c. Charles Fayette Taylor
d. John Harvey Kellogg
ANS: B
Florence Nightingale (1829-1910) from England was the founder of modern nursing. She
assumed patient care in hospitals in Turkey during the Crimean War (1853-1856). She
developed a standard of care for soldiers, which massage was an integral part of.
17. French physician Lucas-Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured
during which event?
a. World War I
b. World War II
c. Civil War
d. Viet Nam War
ANS: A
World War I provided countless opportunities for the use of massage and exercise to
rehabilitate injured soldiers. French physician Just Lucas-Championniere (1843-1913)
advocated for the use of massage and passive movements to treat soft tissue injuries,
particularly fractures.
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
18. In what year did George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette Taylor introduce the Swedish
Movement system in the United States?
a. 1796
b. 1856
c. 1911
d. 1958
ANS: B
Two brothers, Drs. George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette Taylor, introduced the Swedish
Movement System in the United States in 1856. The Taylors had studied the techniques in
Europe and returned to the United States, where they opened an orthopedic practice with a
specialization massage, exercise, water cures, and nutrition.
19. Who wrote the first American textbook on the Swedish Movement System in 1860?
a. Hartvig Nissen
b. Andrew Weil
c. George Taylor
d. Douglas Graham
ANS: C
George Taylor wrote the first American textbook on the Swedish Movement System in 1860,
titled An Exposition of the Swedish Movement Cure.
20. Who opened the Swedish Health Institute of Washington, DC, considered the first massage
school in the United States?
a. John Harvey Kellogg
b. Douglas Graham
c. Just Lucas-Championniere
d. Hartvig Nissen
ANS: D
In 1883, Hartvig Nissen opened the Swedish Health Institute of Washington, DC). It is
considered the first massage school in the United States.
21. Who helped popularize massage therapy in the United States during the modern era by writing
numerous books and publishing articles in his magazine, Good Health?
a. John Harvey Kellogg
b. Douglas Graham
c. Just Lucas-Championniere
d. Hartvig Nissen
ANS: A
John Harvey Kellogg (1852–1943) of Battle Creek, Michigan, promoted massage to the
general public. He wrote numerous articles and books on massage and published a magazine
called Good Health.
22. Which massage organization took the first step toward professionalism by the establishing a
massage curriculum and accreditation of massage schools?
a. American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses
b. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy
c. Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
d. Society of Trained Masseuses
ANS: D
Four British women established the Society of Trained Masseuses in 1894. They sought to
legitimize massage, which had become associated with prostitution. The Society established a
massage practice model, which regulated massage through the establishment of a massage
curriculum and accreditation of massage schools which included regular inspections and use
of only qualified for massage instructors. Members of the Society were required to pass
examinations and were subject to routine surveillance.
23. What was the original name of the American Massage Therapy Association?
a. Society of Trained Masseuses
b. Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association
c. American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses
d. Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics
ANS: C
In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago created the
American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses, renamed the American Massage and
Therapy Association in 1958, then finally the American Massage Therapy Association in
1983.
24. When was the American Massage and Therapy Association founded?
a. 1926
b. 1943
c. 1965
d. 1987
ANS: B
In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago founded the
American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses. The name was changed to the American
Massage and Therapy Association in 1958, and then was changed again to the American
Massage Therapy Association, in 1983.
25. When was the Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals founded?
a. 1926
b. 1943
c. 1965
d. 1987
ANS: D
Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals was founded in 1987.
26. Which center was a think tank for human potential movement and the first exposure to
massage for many people?
a. Remedial Hygienic Institute
b. Esalen Institute
c. Swedish Institute
d. Touch Research Institute
ANS: B
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
In 1962, Michael Murphy and Richard Pierce founded the Esalen Institute, a retreat center and
think tank for human potential movement. For many people, Esalen was their first exposure to
massage and where many came to learn massage.
27. What organization was established to advance massage by supporting research?
a. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals
b. National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
c. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards
d. Massage Therapy Foundation
ANS: D
In 1990, the American Massage Therapy Foundation was established by the AMTA to
advance the massage profession through supporting scientific research and evidence-informed
practice skills. In 2004, the foundation became an independent organization and changed its
name to the Massage Therapy Foundation.
28. What organization offered a national certification exam in 1992 that was later adopted by
most states as a licensure requirement?
a. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards
b. National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
c. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals
d. American Massage Therapy Association
ANS: B
In 1992, the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork was
founded due to encouragement from the AMTA and other industry leaders. The objective was
to create a national certification to facilitate massage licensing reciprocity throughout the
United States. A national certification exam was created, and many states adopted it as part of
their licensing requirements.
29. What type of credential did the National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and
Bodywork begin offering in 2013?
a. Master’s certification
b. Research licensure
c. Board certification
d. National licensure
ANS: C
In 2013, NCBTMB began providing board certification, which is currently the highest
voluntary credential in the massage profession. Offering the exam as part of state licensure
was retired in 2014.
30. Which center is the first in the world to focus on the effects of massage and its application in
the treatment of diseases?
a. Remedial Hygienic Institute
b. Esalen Institute
c. Swedish Institute
d. Touch Research Institute
ANS: D
, Test Bank - Massage Therapy Principles and Practice 6th Edition (Salvo, 2020)
The Touch Research Institute at the University of Miami’s School of Medicine was
established in 1992 under the directorship of Dr. Tiffany Field. The Institute is the first in the
world to focus on effects of massage and touch and its applications in the treatment of
diseases. Their research has shown that massage and touch have numerous beneficial effects
on health and well-being.
31. Which organization developed and released the Massage and Bodywork Licensing
Examination in 2008?
a. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards
b. National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
c. American Massage Therapy Association
d. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals
ANS: A
In 2005, the Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards was formed after the ABMP
convened a meeting of massage regulators and educators. One of the initial goals of the
Federation was to create a valid and reliable licensing exam. In 2008 the Massage &
Bodywork Licensing Examination (MBLEx) was released. In 2014, the MBLEx became the
only licensing exam in the United States.
32. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, which approach
is considered mind/body practice?
a. Probiotics
b. Herbal supplements
c. Yoga
d. Booster vaccinations
ANS: C
NCCIH classifies CIH therapies into natural products such as herbal supplements and
probiotics and mind/body practices such as massage, acupuncture, and yoga. Massage therapy
and chiropractic and osteopathic manipulations are among the most common complementary
health care practices utilized by the general public.
33. How is human trafficking best described?
a. Immigrant movement
b. Modern-day slavery
c. Modern-day pioneering
d. Rehabilitative coercion
ANS: B
Human trafficking is the unlawful trade of people; it is modern-day slavery. Human
trafficking is the third largest source of revenue for organized crime, just behind drugs and
guns/firearms trafficking.
34. Which illegal activity uses massage as a cover for its operations?
a. Arms dealing
b. Dog fighting
c. Drug running
d. Sex trafficking
ANS: D
