NMNC 3210 - EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
How is fluid balance maintained in the body? Answer - Electrolytes help
maintain fluid levels.
Kidneys help maintain electrolyte levels - filtration of electrolytes and water
occur from blood, some being returned to blood, and rest excreted with urine.
What is the role of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)? Answer - Regulates/balances
water level in blood.
Acts to maintain BP, volume, and tissue water.
Seen in concentration of urine.
Produced by the Hypothalamus - stored in Pituitary Gland, which directs the
Kidney on how much *water is needed to be conserved.
What happens if there is a decrease in Extracellular fluid (ECF) volume? Or if
the ECF becomes hypertonic? Answer - Osmoreceptors, within Hypothalamus,
stimulate Pituitary to increase antidiuretic hormones to be secreted.
"DON'T PEE HORMONE"
Alters renal collecting duct permeability - water to be reabsorbed or
eliminated. Retention increases fluid volume and BP - decreasing urine ouput.
,What is the mnuemonic for Hypokalemia? Answer - "Body is trying to DITCH
potassium"
Drugs (laxatives/diuretics)
Inadequate intake of K+ (anorexia/nausea)
Too much water intake (diulting K+)
Cushings syndrome (high secretion of Aldosterone)
Heavy fluid loss (NG suction, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, wound drainage)
Other causes of Hypokalemia? Answer - Alkalosis and Hyperinsulinism
What does the pulse feel like with Hypokalemia? Answer - Weak. Irregular and
thready
What are the 7 L's of Hypokalemia? Answer - Lethargic
Low shallow respiratory
Lethal cardiac changes
Loss of urine
Leg cramps
Limp muscles
Low BP and HR
What drugs are potassium sparing? Answer - Spironolactone, aldactone,
maxide, and triamterene
How is electrolyte balance maintained in the body? Answer - By the Kidneys -
filters electrolytes and water from blood. Some returned to blood and some
excreted through urine.
, Role of sodium? Answer - Regulates fluid balance
Role of calcium? Answer - Blood coagulation
Role of potassium? Answer - Cardiac rhythm and muscle contraction
Role of magnesium? Answer - Immune function
Role of phosphorus? Answer - Acid-Base balance
Normal levels of potassium? Answer - 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
"Cardiac Rhythm"
Where can potassium be found and what is its function? Answer - Intracellular
and generates electrical impulses in the body to allow muscles and the brain to
function.
Hyperkalemia Answer - Too much potassium. Causes abnormal electrical
conduction of the heart (dysrhythmia), Kidney failure.
*Heart and GI are tight and contracted - causing confusion, diarrhea,
hyperactive bowel syndrome, muscle weakness, and sometimes paralysis of
extremities
Hypokalemia Answer - To little potassium. Caused from vomiting, diarrhea,
sweating, and drugs - diuretic or laxatives.
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
How is fluid balance maintained in the body? Answer - Electrolytes help
maintain fluid levels.
Kidneys help maintain electrolyte levels - filtration of electrolytes and water
occur from blood, some being returned to blood, and rest excreted with urine.
What is the role of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)? Answer - Regulates/balances
water level in blood.
Acts to maintain BP, volume, and tissue water.
Seen in concentration of urine.
Produced by the Hypothalamus - stored in Pituitary Gland, which directs the
Kidney on how much *water is needed to be conserved.
What happens if there is a decrease in Extracellular fluid (ECF) volume? Or if
the ECF becomes hypertonic? Answer - Osmoreceptors, within Hypothalamus,
stimulate Pituitary to increase antidiuretic hormones to be secreted.
"DON'T PEE HORMONE"
Alters renal collecting duct permeability - water to be reabsorbed or
eliminated. Retention increases fluid volume and BP - decreasing urine ouput.
,What is the mnuemonic for Hypokalemia? Answer - "Body is trying to DITCH
potassium"
Drugs (laxatives/diuretics)
Inadequate intake of K+ (anorexia/nausea)
Too much water intake (diulting K+)
Cushings syndrome (high secretion of Aldosterone)
Heavy fluid loss (NG suction, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, wound drainage)
Other causes of Hypokalemia? Answer - Alkalosis and Hyperinsulinism
What does the pulse feel like with Hypokalemia? Answer - Weak. Irregular and
thready
What are the 7 L's of Hypokalemia? Answer - Lethargic
Low shallow respiratory
Lethal cardiac changes
Loss of urine
Leg cramps
Limp muscles
Low BP and HR
What drugs are potassium sparing? Answer - Spironolactone, aldactone,
maxide, and triamterene
How is electrolyte balance maintained in the body? Answer - By the Kidneys -
filters electrolytes and water from blood. Some returned to blood and some
excreted through urine.
, Role of sodium? Answer - Regulates fluid balance
Role of calcium? Answer - Blood coagulation
Role of potassium? Answer - Cardiac rhythm and muscle contraction
Role of magnesium? Answer - Immune function
Role of phosphorus? Answer - Acid-Base balance
Normal levels of potassium? Answer - 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
"Cardiac Rhythm"
Where can potassium be found and what is its function? Answer - Intracellular
and generates electrical impulses in the body to allow muscles and the brain to
function.
Hyperkalemia Answer - Too much potassium. Causes abnormal electrical
conduction of the heart (dysrhythmia), Kidney failure.
*Heart and GI are tight and contracted - causing confusion, diarrhea,
hyperactive bowel syndrome, muscle weakness, and sometimes paralysis of
extremities
Hypokalemia Answer - To little potassium. Caused from vomiting, diarrhea,
sweating, and drugs - diuretic or laxatives.
