NURS 358 EXAM 2026 COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉what is MAP and what should it be around. Answer: it is the
minimum amount of pressure that is needed to pump blood of
perfuse to all vital tissue and organs
- 65-75 mmHg
◉what is cardiac output. Answer: the amount of volume the heart
pumps per minute
- 4-8L per min
◉what is stroke volume. Answer: amount of blood per beat
◉what is ejection fraction. Answer: the percentage of blood that is
emptied from the left ventricle after the heart is done pumping
- want to be greater than 50% not 100% there will always be some
left over
◉what is preload vs afterload. Answer: preload - the amount of
blood in the heart after diastole (after the heart has been resting and
filling
,afterload - the amount of pressure the heart has to overcome to
pump blood out of the aorta
- the afterload becomes higher if there is access volume in the body
◉when does the cardiac muscle get perfused with oxygen rich
blood. Answer: during diastole
◉what are the coronary arteries. Answer: two main branches off of
the aorta that supply the heart with blood
- the left supplies the majority of the heart and if blocked is
extremely lethal
◉what are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and stretch receptors.
Answer: baroreceptors - look at the stretch of the aorta and can
lower blood pressure
chemoreceptors - notice a decrease in oxygen which causes a raise
in blood pressure
stretch receptors - notices the amount of blood volume and can
controls HR and B/P
◉why are the kidneys important to the heart. Answer: help control
blood pressure with renin angiotensin cycle and can retain water
and sodium to help increase blood pressure
, ◉what are some changes in cardiac function as one ages. Answer: -
less reserve
- vessels become more resistant and are not as elastic
- kidney functions slows down
◉what are some cardiac assessments nurses should perform.
Answer: HR - rate, regular or irregular
blood pressure, pulses, cap refill, swelling, edema, LOC
◉what are some comorbidities that can effect cardiac health.
Answer: diabetes - causes weakening of vessels and loss of certain
sensations
HTN - causes the heart to have to work harder, adds more stress
hyperlipidemia - block blood flow leading to poor perfusion
◉what are some previous cardiac events we should ask about and
why. Answer: - previous MI, stroke, CABG, stent, blockage, clot
- important because if one area of the body was effected it may leads
to a greater risk of it happening somewhere else in the body
◉what are some social health history factors that could effect
cardiac health. Answer: smoking, drugs, alcohol, poor diet (fatty
foods), lack of exercise
STUDY GUIDE WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉what is MAP and what should it be around. Answer: it is the
minimum amount of pressure that is needed to pump blood of
perfuse to all vital tissue and organs
- 65-75 mmHg
◉what is cardiac output. Answer: the amount of volume the heart
pumps per minute
- 4-8L per min
◉what is stroke volume. Answer: amount of blood per beat
◉what is ejection fraction. Answer: the percentage of blood that is
emptied from the left ventricle after the heart is done pumping
- want to be greater than 50% not 100% there will always be some
left over
◉what is preload vs afterload. Answer: preload - the amount of
blood in the heart after diastole (after the heart has been resting and
filling
,afterload - the amount of pressure the heart has to overcome to
pump blood out of the aorta
- the afterload becomes higher if there is access volume in the body
◉when does the cardiac muscle get perfused with oxygen rich
blood. Answer: during diastole
◉what are the coronary arteries. Answer: two main branches off of
the aorta that supply the heart with blood
- the left supplies the majority of the heart and if blocked is
extremely lethal
◉what are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and stretch receptors.
Answer: baroreceptors - look at the stretch of the aorta and can
lower blood pressure
chemoreceptors - notice a decrease in oxygen which causes a raise
in blood pressure
stretch receptors - notices the amount of blood volume and can
controls HR and B/P
◉why are the kidneys important to the heart. Answer: help control
blood pressure with renin angiotensin cycle and can retain water
and sodium to help increase blood pressure
, ◉what are some changes in cardiac function as one ages. Answer: -
less reserve
- vessels become more resistant and are not as elastic
- kidney functions slows down
◉what are some cardiac assessments nurses should perform.
Answer: HR - rate, regular or irregular
blood pressure, pulses, cap refill, swelling, edema, LOC
◉what are some comorbidities that can effect cardiac health.
Answer: diabetes - causes weakening of vessels and loss of certain
sensations
HTN - causes the heart to have to work harder, adds more stress
hyperlipidemia - block blood flow leading to poor perfusion
◉what are some previous cardiac events we should ask about and
why. Answer: - previous MI, stroke, CABG, stent, blockage, clot
- important because if one area of the body was effected it may leads
to a greater risk of it happening somewhere else in the body
◉what are some social health history factors that could effect
cardiac health. Answer: smoking, drugs, alcohol, poor diet (fatty
foods), lack of exercise
