Patho Exam 2 Review Questions With Correct Answers

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Patho Exam 2 Review Questions With Correct Answers

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Institution Pathophysiology

Course Pathophysiology

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Patho Exam 2 Review Questions With Correct Answers

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Patho Exam 2 Review Questions With
// // // // //

Correct Answers
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pathophysiology and signs and symptoms of DIC - CORRECT // // // // // // // //

ANSWERS(S)✔✔Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular
// // // //

Coagulation (DIC). DIC is initiated by a variety of
// // // // // // // // //

factors (endothelial injury, tissue injury, inflammation, and
// // // // // //

others), most of which either directly or indirectly result in
// // // // // // // // // //

release of
// //

large amounts of tissue factor. Many cytokines create a
// // // // // // // //

procoagulant environment by concurrently (1) suppressing
// // // // // //

normal control
// //

of homeostasis and (2) inducing tissue factor release by
// // // // // // // //

endothelium or monocytes. Tissue factor initiates the coagulation
// // // // // // // //

cascade (3) leading to the activation of thrombin, production of
// // // // // // // // //

fibrin, and polymerization into a fibrin clot. Fibrinolysis normally
// // // // // // // // //

digests clots (4) through the activity of plasmin, resulting in the
// // // // // // // // // // //

production of various fibrin degradation products. However,
// // // // // // //

during DIC, factors, such as TNF-α, induce (5) inhibitors of
// // // // // // // // // //

plasmin generation, thus leading to diminished fibrinolysis.
// // // // // // //

Fibrin split
// //

products possess several biologic activities tha
// // // // //

,signs and symptoms of DIC - CORRECT ANSWERS(S)✔✔Most
// // // // // // //

symptoms are the result of either hemorrhage or thrombosis.
// // // // // // // // //

Acute DIC presents
// // //

with rapid development of hemorrhaging, such as oozing from
// // // // // // // //

venipuncture sites, arterial lines, and surgical wounds, or
// // // // // // // //

development of ecchymotic lesions (purpura, petechiae) and
// // // // // // //

hematomas. Other sites of bleeding include the eyes (sclera and
// // // // // // // // // //

conjunctiva), the nose (epistaxis), and the gums. Most individuals
// // // // // // // //

with DIC demonstrate bleeding at three or more unrelated sites,
// // // // // // // // // //

and any combination may be observed. Shock of variable
// // // // // // // // //

intensity, out of proportion to the amount of apparent blood
// // // // // // // // // //

loss, also may be observed. Hemorrhaging into closed
// // // // // // //

compartments of the body also can occur and may precede the
// // // // // // // // // // //

development of shock.
// // //

Symptoms of thrombosis are not always as // // // // // //

evident, even though it is often the first pathologic alteration to
// // // // // // // // // //

occur and ultimately determines the degree of morbidity and
// // // // // // // // //

risk for death. A large amount of microvascular and
// // // // // // // // //

pathophysiology of Hodgkins lymphoma. - CORRECT // // // // //

ANSWERS(S)✔✔HL is characterized by its progression from
// // // // // // //

one group of lymph nodes to another, the development of
// // // // // // // // //

systemic symptoms, and the presence of Reed-Sternberg (RS)
// // // // // // // //

cells. It is widely accepted that the RS cell represents the
// // // // // // // // // // //

malignant transformed lymphocyte. The RS cells are often large
// // // // // // // // //

and binucleate, with occasional mononuclear variants. RS cells
// // // // // // // //

, are the hallmark of HL. RS cells are necessary for the diagnosis
// // // // // // // // // // // //

of HL. The triggering mechanism for the malignant
// // // // // // // //

transformation of cells remains unknown. Classic HL appears to
// // // // // // // // //

be derived from a B cell in the germinal center that has not
// // // // // // // // // // // // //

undergone successful
// //

immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and would normally be // // // // // //

induced to undergo apoptosis. Survival
// // // // //

of this cell may be linked to infection with EBV. Laboratory and
// // // // // // // // // // //

epidemiologic studies have linked HL with EBV infections and
// // // // // // // // //

EBV DNA. RNA and proteins are frequently observed in HL cells.
// // // // // // // // // // //

The RS cells secrete and release cytokin
// // // // // // //

signs and symptoms of Hodgkins lymphoma. - CORRECT
// // // // // // //

ANSWERS(S)✔✔Many of the characteristic clinical features of HL
// // // // // // // //

can be explained by the complex action of cytokines and other
// // // // // // // // // // //

growth factors that are secreted by the malignant cells. These
// // // // // // // // // //

substances induce infiltration and proliferation of inflammatory
// // // // // // //

cells, resulting in an enlarged, painless lymph node in the neck
// // // // // // // // // // //

(often the first sign of HL)
// // // // // //

Physical Findings: //

Adenopathy
Mediastinal mass //

Splenomegaly
Abdominal mass //

Symptoms:

, Fever, weight loss, night sweats
// // // //

Pruritus (itching) //

Laboratory Findings: //

Thrombocytosis
Leukocytosis
Eosinophilia
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
// // // //

Elevated alkaline phosphatase // //

Paraneoplastic syndromes //

What happens in multiple myeloma (MM)? - CORRECT
// // // // // // //

ANSWERS(S)✔✔Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell
// // // // // // // //

cancer
//

characterized by the slow proliferation of malignant cells as
// // // // // // // //

tumor cell masses in the bone marrow that usually results in
// // // // // // // // // //

destruction of the bone. Most MMs secrete large amounts of
// // // // // // // // //

monoclonal proteins that resemble intact
// // // // //

immunoglobulins.Multiple myeloma occurs in all races, but the
// // // // // // // //

incidence in blacks is about twice that of whites. It rarely occurs
// // // // // // // // // // // //

before the age of 40 years—peak age of incidence is about 70
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years. It is slightly more common in men than in women.
// // // // // // // // // // //

Neoplastic cells of multiple myeloma reside in the bone marrow
// // // // // // // // // //

and are usually not found in the peripheral blood. Occasionally
// // // // // // // // // //

it may spread to other tissues, especially in very advanced
// // // // // // // // // //

disease. Many myelomas are aneuploidy, with chromosomal
// // // // // // //

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