Anatomy and Physiology 1 Final Exam
Afferent-Sensory-Receptors---Correct-Answer-from-interoceptors-(chemo-or-mechano)-to-
CNS-integration.-Ex--monitor-oxygen-or-BV-stretch.
Efferent-Sensory-Receptors---Correct-Answer-from-CNS-out-to-effector-organs-(down-
white-matter-motor-tracts-of-cord).-Pathway-to-effector-organ-is-made-up-of-at-least-2-
motor-neurons-with-a-synapse.
Sympathetic---Correct-Answer-Speeds-up-(excites)-and-consumes-energy.-"Fight-or-
flight"
Parasympathetic---Correct-Answer-Slows-down-(inhibits)-and-conserves-energy.-"Rest-
and-Digest".
Autonomic-Tone---Correct-Answer-The-constant-balance-between-the-two-branches-
(sympathetic-and-para-)
Sympathetic-Division---Correct-Answer-Trunk-(vertebral-chain)-ganglia---serves-upper-
body.-Prevertebral-(collateral)-ganglia---serves-below-the-diaphragm.
Divergent-effect---Correct-Answer-One-sympathetic-preganglionic-fiber-has-many-axon-
collaterals-and-may-synapse-with-20-or-more-post-ganglionic-neurons.
Cholinergic-receptors---Correct-Answer-Parasympathetic,-always-releases-ACH.-Has-3-
synapses.
Adrenergic---Correct-Answer-Sympathetic,-always-releases-Norepinephrine.-Has-1-
synapse.
Nicotinic---Correct-Answer-Found-at-the-preganglionic-ganglia,-always-cholinergic.-Can-
only-excite-(depolarize)-synapses
Muscarinic---Correct-Answer-At-effector-organs-(postganglionic--parasympathetic).-can-
both-excite-(depolarize)-and-inhibit-(hyperpolarize)-synpases.
, Alpha-1-and-Beta-1---Correct-Answer-Excitatory-receptors-(cx.-of-muscles,-increases-
release-of-hormone).-Muscles-will-contract-and-hormones-will-be-released,-excitatory-in-
nature.
Alpha-2-and-Beta-2---Correct-Answer-Inhibitory-receptors-(relaxing-of-muscles,-decrease-
release-of-hormones).
Beta-1---Correct-Answer-Adrenergic-receptor-in-the-heart.
Beta-2---Correct-Answer-Adrenergic-receptor-in-the-lungs,-uterus,-and-skeletal/-cardiac-
muslce-BVs.
Beta-3---Correct-Answer-Adrenergic-receptor-only-active-in-infants-for-burning-brown-fat----
thermogenesis.
Exocrine-gland---Correct-Answer-gland-that-secretes-into-ducts----onto-body-cavities-and-
outside-of-the-body.
Endocrine-gland---Correct-Answer-Gland-that-is-ductless.
Paracrine---Correct-Answer-Hormone-that-acts-on-near-by-cells-without-getting-into-the-
blood-stream.
Autocrine---Correct-Answer-Hormone-that-acts-on-the-same-cell-that-secreted-it.
Hypothalamus---Correct-Answer-Produces-releasing-or-inhibiting-factors-that-travel-via-
blood-to-anterior-pituitary.-Also-produces-ADH-and-Oxytocin-that-is-released-by-the-
posterior-pituitary.
Pituitary-(Hypophysis)---Correct-Answer-Found-in-the-Sella-Turcica-of-the-Sphenoid-bone.
2-Capillary-beds-connected-by-a-portal-vein---Correct-Answer-What-allows-there-to-be-a-
direct-route-to-the-anterior-pituitary-from-the-hypothalamus.-Instead-of-having-to-go-all-the-
way-through-the-blood-system-until-it-gets-to-the-A.-Pituitary?
Anterior-Pituitary-hormones---Correct-Answer-7-hormones,-called-"tropic"-hormones-that-
influence-other-glands.
Human-Growth-Hormone-(hGH)---Correct-Answer-Somatotrophin,-stimulates-secretion-of-
IGF.-Target-cells-=-bones,-cartilage,-skeletal-muscle,-liver.-Also-increases-blood-glucose.
Afferent-Sensory-Receptors---Correct-Answer-from-interoceptors-(chemo-or-mechano)-to-
CNS-integration.-Ex--monitor-oxygen-or-BV-stretch.
Efferent-Sensory-Receptors---Correct-Answer-from-CNS-out-to-effector-organs-(down-
white-matter-motor-tracts-of-cord).-Pathway-to-effector-organ-is-made-up-of-at-least-2-
motor-neurons-with-a-synapse.
Sympathetic---Correct-Answer-Speeds-up-(excites)-and-consumes-energy.-"Fight-or-
flight"
Parasympathetic---Correct-Answer-Slows-down-(inhibits)-and-conserves-energy.-"Rest-
and-Digest".
Autonomic-Tone---Correct-Answer-The-constant-balance-between-the-two-branches-
(sympathetic-and-para-)
Sympathetic-Division---Correct-Answer-Trunk-(vertebral-chain)-ganglia---serves-upper-
body.-Prevertebral-(collateral)-ganglia---serves-below-the-diaphragm.
Divergent-effect---Correct-Answer-One-sympathetic-preganglionic-fiber-has-many-axon-
collaterals-and-may-synapse-with-20-or-more-post-ganglionic-neurons.
Cholinergic-receptors---Correct-Answer-Parasympathetic,-always-releases-ACH.-Has-3-
synapses.
Adrenergic---Correct-Answer-Sympathetic,-always-releases-Norepinephrine.-Has-1-
synapse.
Nicotinic---Correct-Answer-Found-at-the-preganglionic-ganglia,-always-cholinergic.-Can-
only-excite-(depolarize)-synapses
Muscarinic---Correct-Answer-At-effector-organs-(postganglionic--parasympathetic).-can-
both-excite-(depolarize)-and-inhibit-(hyperpolarize)-synpases.
, Alpha-1-and-Beta-1---Correct-Answer-Excitatory-receptors-(cx.-of-muscles,-increases-
release-of-hormone).-Muscles-will-contract-and-hormones-will-be-released,-excitatory-in-
nature.
Alpha-2-and-Beta-2---Correct-Answer-Inhibitory-receptors-(relaxing-of-muscles,-decrease-
release-of-hormones).
Beta-1---Correct-Answer-Adrenergic-receptor-in-the-heart.
Beta-2---Correct-Answer-Adrenergic-receptor-in-the-lungs,-uterus,-and-skeletal/-cardiac-
muslce-BVs.
Beta-3---Correct-Answer-Adrenergic-receptor-only-active-in-infants-for-burning-brown-fat----
thermogenesis.
Exocrine-gland---Correct-Answer-gland-that-secretes-into-ducts----onto-body-cavities-and-
outside-of-the-body.
Endocrine-gland---Correct-Answer-Gland-that-is-ductless.
Paracrine---Correct-Answer-Hormone-that-acts-on-near-by-cells-without-getting-into-the-
blood-stream.
Autocrine---Correct-Answer-Hormone-that-acts-on-the-same-cell-that-secreted-it.
Hypothalamus---Correct-Answer-Produces-releasing-or-inhibiting-factors-that-travel-via-
blood-to-anterior-pituitary.-Also-produces-ADH-and-Oxytocin-that-is-released-by-the-
posterior-pituitary.
Pituitary-(Hypophysis)---Correct-Answer-Found-in-the-Sella-Turcica-of-the-Sphenoid-bone.
2-Capillary-beds-connected-by-a-portal-vein---Correct-Answer-What-allows-there-to-be-a-
direct-route-to-the-anterior-pituitary-from-the-hypothalamus.-Instead-of-having-to-go-all-the-
way-through-the-blood-system-until-it-gets-to-the-A.-Pituitary?
Anterior-Pituitary-hormones---Correct-Answer-7-hormones,-called-"tropic"-hormones-that-
influence-other-glands.
Human-Growth-Hormone-(hGH)---Correct-Answer-Somatotrophin,-stimulates-secretion-of-
IGF.-Target-cells-=-bones,-cartilage,-skeletal-muscle,-liver.-Also-increases-blood-glucose.
