PAT201-ghWeekgh6-8
1. Potassiumgh(K+)ghNormalghlevels:ghheartghcontractionghandghmuscleghcontraction:gh3.5
-5.0ghmmol/LghinghECF
2. Phosphategh(PO4-
)ghNormalghlevel:ghessentialghtoghtheghfunctionghofghmuscle,ghRBCs,ghandghtheghnervousghsys
tem:gh1.0-1.50ghmmol/L
3. Magnesiumg h (Mg2+)g h Normalg h level:g h keepsg h cellsg h relaxedg h afterg h contraction
g h andghnerveghfunction:gh0.65-1.05ghmmol/L
4. Calciumgh(Ca+)ghNormalghlevel:ghaidsghinghbloodghclots,ghmuscleghcontractions,ghandghb
oneghstrength:gh2.10-2.50ghmmol/L
5. Sodiumg h (Na+)g h Normalg h level:g h nerveg h signally,g h maintainsg h bloodg h volume,g h an
dg h fluidghbalance:gh135-145ghmEq/L
6. HYPERnatremiaghS/S:ghNeuro:ghhallucinations,ghcoma,ghandghseizures
,ghMusculoskeletal:ghCushingghsyndrome,ghmuscleghtwitching/weakness
GI/Urinary:ghincreaseghinghthirstgh=ghincreaseghurineghoutputgh(kidneyghtryingghtoghgetghridghofghexcess).
7. HYPOnatremiaghS/S:ghNeuro:ghconfusiongh(alteredghLOCghb/cghbrainghcellsghshrunk),ghdizziness,ghseizures,ghandghc
omaghCardiac:ghthreadyghpulse,ghhypotension,ghtachycardia.
8. HYPERkalemiagh S/S:gh Musculoskeletal:ghmuscleghcramps/weakness/paralysisghandghirregularghpulse.
ECG:ghPeakghTghwave,ghflatghPghwaves,ghwideghQRSghcomplex
9. HYPOkalemiaghS/S:gh6ghL'
sghLethargy
Lethalghcardiacgharrhythmiagh-
>ghe.g.,ghBradycardiaghLegghcrampsgh+ghweakness
Limpghmuscles
Low,ghshallowghrespirationsghLe
ssghstool
ECG:ghflatteningghofghTghwaveghandghemergenceghofghUghwave
10. HYPERcalcemiaghS/S:ghNeuro:ghimpairedghmemory,ghlethargic,ghconfusiongh(stupor),ghdisorientation,ghco
ma.ghCardiac:ghdysrhythmiasgh(irregularghheartbeat)
gh
gh
, PAT201-ghWeekgh6-8
GI:ghAnorexia,ghnausea,ghconstipationghandghvomiting
Musculoskeletal:ghmuscleghweakness,ghdecreaseghreflexes,ghandghboneghpain/fractures.ghUri
nary:ghPolyuriagh(peeghoften)ghandghdehydration
ECGghchanges:gh ShortenedghSTghsegment;ghShortenedghQ-Tghinterval;gh Ventricularghdysrhythmias;ghIncreasedghdigitalisghettect
11. HYPOcalcemiaghS/S:ghMusculoskeletal:ghtetanygh(involuntaryghmuscleghcontraction),ghChvostek'sghsign,gha
ndghTrousseau'sghsign.
ECGghchanges:ghElongationghofghSTghsegment;ghProlongedghQ-
Tghinterval;ghVentricularghtachycardiagh(moreghsimilarghtoghhyperkalemia)
12. HYPERphosphatemiag h S/S:g h Neuro:ghirritabilitygh.
Musculoskeletal:ghtetany,ghweakness,ghnumbness,ghandghcalcifiedghdepositsghcanghdevelopghinghsoftghtissueghsuchghasghthoseghofght
heghjoints,gharteries,ghskin,ghkidneys,ghandghcorneas.
13. HYPOphosphatemiaghS/S:ghNeuro:ghconfusionghandghcomagh.
Cardiac:gh dysrhythmiasgh (irregulargh heartbeats),gh cardiomyopathy
(problemsghwithghyourghheartghmuscleghthatghcanghmakeghitghharderghforghyourghheartghtoghpumpghblood),ghandghdecreasedghstrokeghv
olume.ghMusculoskeletal:ghmuscleghweaknessgh(includingghrespiratoryghmuscles),ghOsteomalaciagh(softeningghofghtheghbones),gh
andghRhab-ghdomyolysisgh(muscleghbreakdown).
14. HYPERmagnesemiaghS/S:ghFacialghflushing
ghNeuro:ghlethargyghandghcoma.
Cardiac:ghhypotensionghandghcardiacgharrestgh(orgh+ghrespiratorygharrest).
g h GI:ghnauseaghandghvomiting.
Musculoskeletal:gh decreasegh reflexesgh andgh muscleg h paralysis.
15. HYPOmagnesemiaghS/S:ghNeuro:ghseizures,ghvertigo,ghandghconfusio
n.ghMusculoskeletal:ghChovostekghandghTrousseaughsign.
16. HYPOtonic:g h SolutionghcontainingghlessghsoluteghthanghICF
WaterghisghgoingghINTOghtheghcell,ghtheghsoluteghconcentrationghinsideghtheghcellghisghhighergh(theghICF).
17. HYPERtonic:g h SolutionghcontainingghmoreghsoluteghthanghICF.
WaterghisghmovingghOUTghfromghtheghcell,ghtheghsoluteghconcentrationghoutsideghtheghcellghisghhighergh(ECF).
18. Isotonic:g h Sameghconcentrationghasghtheghcellsghinghtheghhumanghbody.ghPerfectghnoghfluidghshiftgh=ghnoghosmosis
19. ExamplesghofghHYPOtonicghsolutions:gh0.45%ghSalinegh(1/2ghN
S)gh0.225%ghSalinegh(1/4ghNS)
gh
gh
1. Potassiumgh(K+)ghNormalghlevels:ghheartghcontractionghandghmuscleghcontraction:gh3.5
-5.0ghmmol/LghinghECF
2. Phosphategh(PO4-
)ghNormalghlevel:ghessentialghtoghtheghfunctionghofghmuscle,ghRBCs,ghandghtheghnervousghsys
tem:gh1.0-1.50ghmmol/L
3. Magnesiumg h (Mg2+)g h Normalg h level:g h keepsg h cellsg h relaxedg h afterg h contraction
g h andghnerveghfunction:gh0.65-1.05ghmmol/L
4. Calciumgh(Ca+)ghNormalghlevel:ghaidsghinghbloodghclots,ghmuscleghcontractions,ghandghb
oneghstrength:gh2.10-2.50ghmmol/L
5. Sodiumg h (Na+)g h Normalg h level:g h nerveg h signally,g h maintainsg h bloodg h volume,g h an
dg h fluidghbalance:gh135-145ghmEq/L
6. HYPERnatremiaghS/S:ghNeuro:ghhallucinations,ghcoma,ghandghseizures
,ghMusculoskeletal:ghCushingghsyndrome,ghmuscleghtwitching/weakness
GI/Urinary:ghincreaseghinghthirstgh=ghincreaseghurineghoutputgh(kidneyghtryingghtoghgetghridghofghexcess).
7. HYPOnatremiaghS/S:ghNeuro:ghconfusiongh(alteredghLOCghb/cghbrainghcellsghshrunk),ghdizziness,ghseizures,ghandghc
omaghCardiac:ghthreadyghpulse,ghhypotension,ghtachycardia.
8. HYPERkalemiagh S/S:gh Musculoskeletal:ghmuscleghcramps/weakness/paralysisghandghirregularghpulse.
ECG:ghPeakghTghwave,ghflatghPghwaves,ghwideghQRSghcomplex
9. HYPOkalemiaghS/S:gh6ghL'
sghLethargy
Lethalghcardiacgharrhythmiagh-
>ghe.g.,ghBradycardiaghLegghcrampsgh+ghweakness
Limpghmuscles
Low,ghshallowghrespirationsghLe
ssghstool
ECG:ghflatteningghofghTghwaveghandghemergenceghofghUghwave
10. HYPERcalcemiaghS/S:ghNeuro:ghimpairedghmemory,ghlethargic,ghconfusiongh(stupor),ghdisorientation,ghco
ma.ghCardiac:ghdysrhythmiasgh(irregularghheartbeat)
gh
gh
, PAT201-ghWeekgh6-8
GI:ghAnorexia,ghnausea,ghconstipationghandghvomiting
Musculoskeletal:ghmuscleghweakness,ghdecreaseghreflexes,ghandghboneghpain/fractures.ghUri
nary:ghPolyuriagh(peeghoften)ghandghdehydration
ECGghchanges:gh ShortenedghSTghsegment;ghShortenedghQ-Tghinterval;gh Ventricularghdysrhythmias;ghIncreasedghdigitalisghettect
11. HYPOcalcemiaghS/S:ghMusculoskeletal:ghtetanygh(involuntaryghmuscleghcontraction),ghChvostek'sghsign,gha
ndghTrousseau'sghsign.
ECGghchanges:ghElongationghofghSTghsegment;ghProlongedghQ-
Tghinterval;ghVentricularghtachycardiagh(moreghsimilarghtoghhyperkalemia)
12. HYPERphosphatemiag h S/S:g h Neuro:ghirritabilitygh.
Musculoskeletal:ghtetany,ghweakness,ghnumbness,ghandghcalcifiedghdepositsghcanghdevelopghinghsoftghtissueghsuchghasghthoseghofght
heghjoints,gharteries,ghskin,ghkidneys,ghandghcorneas.
13. HYPOphosphatemiaghS/S:ghNeuro:ghconfusionghandghcomagh.
Cardiac:gh dysrhythmiasgh (irregulargh heartbeats),gh cardiomyopathy
(problemsghwithghyourghheartghmuscleghthatghcanghmakeghitghharderghforghyourghheartghtoghpumpghblood),ghandghdecreasedghstrokeghv
olume.ghMusculoskeletal:ghmuscleghweaknessgh(includingghrespiratoryghmuscles),ghOsteomalaciagh(softeningghofghtheghbones),gh
andghRhab-ghdomyolysisgh(muscleghbreakdown).
14. HYPERmagnesemiaghS/S:ghFacialghflushing
ghNeuro:ghlethargyghandghcoma.
Cardiac:ghhypotensionghandghcardiacgharrestgh(orgh+ghrespiratorygharrest).
g h GI:ghnauseaghandghvomiting.
Musculoskeletal:gh decreasegh reflexesgh andgh muscleg h paralysis.
15. HYPOmagnesemiaghS/S:ghNeuro:ghseizures,ghvertigo,ghandghconfusio
n.ghMusculoskeletal:ghChovostekghandghTrousseaughsign.
16. HYPOtonic:g h SolutionghcontainingghlessghsoluteghthanghICF
WaterghisghgoingghINTOghtheghcell,ghtheghsoluteghconcentrationghinsideghtheghcellghisghhighergh(theghICF).
17. HYPERtonic:g h SolutionghcontainingghmoreghsoluteghthanghICF.
WaterghisghmovingghOUTghfromghtheghcell,ghtheghsoluteghconcentrationghoutsideghtheghcellghisghhighergh(ECF).
18. Isotonic:g h Sameghconcentrationghasghtheghcellsghinghtheghhumanghbody.ghPerfectghnoghfluidghshiftgh=ghnoghosmosis
19. ExamplesghofghHYPOtonicghsolutions:gh0.45%ghSalinegh(1/2ghN
S)gh0.225%ghSalinegh(1/4ghNS)
gh
gh
