HCR 240 FINAL EXAM PATHO/ HCR 240 FINAL EXAM WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION RATED A+ 2025/2026 NEW!!
Cobblestone street
Crohn's disease often has this type of appearance, which is due to thickening of the epithelial
wall.
Helicobacter Pylori
A bacterium that often is found in patients with GERD and stomach ulcers
Ascites
A sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen
Osteopenia
Thinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis
Gastroparesis
Delayed stomach opening that can cause GERD
Rheumatology
Inflammation of muscle and joints
Steatorrhea
Loss of fat in stools, sign of celiac disease
Staphylococcus aureus
The bacteria that often causes osteomyelitis
Sigmoid Volvulus
disease where the large intestine is twisting
Degenerative Disc Diseases
The diseases where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned
Cholelithiasis
,Gallbladder is producing gallstones
Erythema Migrans
Another name for a bull's eye rash of Lyme Disease
hematochezia
Bleeding from hemorrhoids
arthritis
inflammation of a joint
Melena
blood in stool
acute cholecystitis
Infection of gallbladder leading to purulent effusion
two type of swelling that can occur in osteoarthritis
Heberdens node- inflammation of the distal interpalangeal joint. Bouchard's nodes-
inflammation of the proximal interphalangeal joint.
risk factors of osteoporosis
Increased mortality risk with osteoporotic hip fractures, risk of mortality is 2.8 to 4 times higher
amongst hip fracture patients 3 months after fracture, and nearly 1 in 4 fracture patients die
within 12 months after fracture.
How can a joint be infected? Name two routes of infection that can occur.
Through injection, direct contact with infected neighboring tissue, and hematogenous or
lymphogenous spread.
Describe the process of how uric acid crystals affect regions of the body due to hyperglycemia
Due to high levels of uric acid in the blood, deposits of uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints
causing a disorder known as gout. The accumulation of crystals in the joints cause flare-ups of
inflammation in or around joints.
Name the three types of hernia that can be found. How are they different?
, Type of hernia is based on location... inguinal is most common, reducible- returned to normal
position after manual pressure, incarceration- loop of intestine trapped within muscle fibers,
and strangulation- blood supply to hernia is compromised by pressure
What is the difference between Celiac Disease, Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis?
Chron's disease: IBD that can affect the entire GI tract, skip lesions, cobblestone appearance,
toxic megacolon UC: IBD that only involves the large intestine, begins at rectum and moves
upward, psuedopolyps Celiac disease: hypersensitivity reaction to gluten causes bloating and
gas.
What abdominal pain is associated to appendicitis?
Abdominal pain originates in the umbilical region and moves to the RLQ or McBurney's point.
What are diverticula? Where does this often occur? Give specific location. What is the main
cause?
Small outpouchings formed in the bowel. The bowel has weakened areas and increased
intraluminal pressure. Most common in the sigmoid and descending colon.
What is an ulcer? Describe how ulcers can be created in the body. Where do most ulcers occur?
Inflammatory erosion of stomach or duodenum created by hypersecretion of HCL, ineffective GI
mucus, and poor cellular repair.
Describe the causes of hepatitis - including the viral and other reasons
Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world. - Virus causing hepatitis
are hepatitis types A, B, C, D and E Other causes of hepatitis are toxic substances (e.g. alcohol,
hepatotoxic drugs etc.). Autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.
Explain how gallbladder dysfunction will cause issues with the bile duct of liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas to cause inflammation.
Anatomical structure-function of the gallbladder and pancreas affect one another. GB
dysfunction caused motility disturbances and stasis of bile can lead to backup of bile into GB
and liver (choledocholithiasis) Gallstones: backup up bile leading to hepatic dysfunction, can
move into the pancreas and cause pancreatitis.
ischemic penumbra
Perimeter of brain ischemia, less perfusion - not irreversible
Transient ischemic attack
COMPLETE SOLUTION RATED A+ 2025/2026 NEW!!
Cobblestone street
Crohn's disease often has this type of appearance, which is due to thickening of the epithelial
wall.
Helicobacter Pylori
A bacterium that often is found in patients with GERD and stomach ulcers
Ascites
A sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen
Osteopenia
Thinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis
Gastroparesis
Delayed stomach opening that can cause GERD
Rheumatology
Inflammation of muscle and joints
Steatorrhea
Loss of fat in stools, sign of celiac disease
Staphylococcus aureus
The bacteria that often causes osteomyelitis
Sigmoid Volvulus
disease where the large intestine is twisting
Degenerative Disc Diseases
The diseases where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned
Cholelithiasis
,Gallbladder is producing gallstones
Erythema Migrans
Another name for a bull's eye rash of Lyme Disease
hematochezia
Bleeding from hemorrhoids
arthritis
inflammation of a joint
Melena
blood in stool
acute cholecystitis
Infection of gallbladder leading to purulent effusion
two type of swelling that can occur in osteoarthritis
Heberdens node- inflammation of the distal interpalangeal joint. Bouchard's nodes-
inflammation of the proximal interphalangeal joint.
risk factors of osteoporosis
Increased mortality risk with osteoporotic hip fractures, risk of mortality is 2.8 to 4 times higher
amongst hip fracture patients 3 months after fracture, and nearly 1 in 4 fracture patients die
within 12 months after fracture.
How can a joint be infected? Name two routes of infection that can occur.
Through injection, direct contact with infected neighboring tissue, and hematogenous or
lymphogenous spread.
Describe the process of how uric acid crystals affect regions of the body due to hyperglycemia
Due to high levels of uric acid in the blood, deposits of uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints
causing a disorder known as gout. The accumulation of crystals in the joints cause flare-ups of
inflammation in or around joints.
Name the three types of hernia that can be found. How are they different?
, Type of hernia is based on location... inguinal is most common, reducible- returned to normal
position after manual pressure, incarceration- loop of intestine trapped within muscle fibers,
and strangulation- blood supply to hernia is compromised by pressure
What is the difference between Celiac Disease, Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis?
Chron's disease: IBD that can affect the entire GI tract, skip lesions, cobblestone appearance,
toxic megacolon UC: IBD that only involves the large intestine, begins at rectum and moves
upward, psuedopolyps Celiac disease: hypersensitivity reaction to gluten causes bloating and
gas.
What abdominal pain is associated to appendicitis?
Abdominal pain originates in the umbilical region and moves to the RLQ or McBurney's point.
What are diverticula? Where does this often occur? Give specific location. What is the main
cause?
Small outpouchings formed in the bowel. The bowel has weakened areas and increased
intraluminal pressure. Most common in the sigmoid and descending colon.
What is an ulcer? Describe how ulcers can be created in the body. Where do most ulcers occur?
Inflammatory erosion of stomach or duodenum created by hypersecretion of HCL, ineffective GI
mucus, and poor cellular repair.
Describe the causes of hepatitis - including the viral and other reasons
Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world. - Virus causing hepatitis
are hepatitis types A, B, C, D and E Other causes of hepatitis are toxic substances (e.g. alcohol,
hepatotoxic drugs etc.). Autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.
Explain how gallbladder dysfunction will cause issues with the bile duct of liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas to cause inflammation.
Anatomical structure-function of the gallbladder and pancreas affect one another. GB
dysfunction caused motility disturbances and stasis of bile can lead to backup of bile into GB
and liver (choledocholithiasis) Gallstones: backup up bile leading to hepatic dysfunction, can
move into the pancreas and cause pancreatitis.
ischemic penumbra
Perimeter of brain ischemia, less perfusion - not irreversible
Transient ischemic attack
