Well organized verified questions & answers- Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter 2

What is the primary focus of anatomy and physiology in Chapter 2 ️☑️ It focuses on the chemical basis of life and how atoms and molecules support body structure and function Why are atoms important in the human body ️☑️ They form the basic building blocks of all matter including cells and tissues What is the smallest unit of an element that retains its properties ️☑️ An atom What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom ️☑️ Protons and neutrons Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge ️☑️ Electrons What determines the atomic number of an element ️☑️ The number of protons in the nucleus What is an isotope ️☑️ Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons What is a molecule ️☑️ A group of two or more atoms chemically bonded together What is a compound ️☑️ A substance made of atoms of two or more different elements bonded together What type of bond involves sharing electrons ️☑️ Covalent bond What type of bond involves transfer of electrons ️☑️ Ionic bond What is a hydrogen bond ️☑️ A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom such as oxygen or nitrogen 2 Why are hydrogen bonds important in the body ️☑️ They help stabilize protein and DNA structures What is a chemical reaction ️☑️ A process that changes substances into different substances by breaking and forming bonds What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions ️☑️ They act as catalysts to speed up reactions without being consumed What is activation energy ️☑️ The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction What is metabolism ️☑️ The sum of all chemical reactions in the body What is anabolism ️☑️ The building up of complex molecules from simpler ones What is catabolism ️☑️ The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones What is the law of conservation of mass ️☑️ Matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions What are reactants ️☑️ The starting substances in a chemical reaction What are products ️☑️ The substances formed from a chemical reaction What is pH ️☑️ A measure of hydrogen ion concentration indicating acidity or alkalinity What is the pH scale range ️☑️ 0 to 14 What pH value is considered neutral ️☑️ 7 What is an acid ️☑️ A substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration in solution What is a base ️☑️ A substance that decreases hydrogen ion concentration or increases hydroxide ions 3 What is a buffer ️☑️ A system that resists changes in pH by neutralizing acids or bases Why are buffers important in the body ️☑️ They help maintain stable pH for proper enzyme and cellular function What is water’s role in the body ️☑️ It acts as a solvent, medium for reactions, and helps regulate temperature Why is water considered a polar molecule ️☑️ Because it has unequal distribution of charge with partial positive and negative ends What is a solute ️☑️ A substance dissolved in a solvent What is a solvent ️☑️ The substance that dissolves a solute What is a solution ️☑️ A homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent What are organic molecules ️☑️ Molecules that contain carbon and are typically associated with living organisms What are inorganic molecules ️☑️ Molecules that generally do not contain carbon What are carbohydrates used for in the body ️☑️ They provide a primary source of energy What are lipids primarily used for ️☑️ Energy storage and forming cell membranes What are proteins made of ️☑️ Amino acids What is the main function of proteins ️☑️ They act as enzymes, structural components, and signaling molecules What are nucleic acids responsible for ️☑️ Storing and transmitting genetic information What are the building blocks of nucleic acids ️☑️ Nucleotides 4 What is ATP ️☑️ Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy currency of the cell What is the function of ATP ️☑️ To provide usable energy for cellular processes What is dehydration synthesis ️☑️ A reaction that joins molecules by removing water What is hydrolysis ️☑️ A reaction that breaks molecules apart using water What is the importance of chemical bonds in biology ️☑️ They determine the structure and function of molecules in the body What is the octet rule ️☑️ Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve eight electrons in their outer shell What is electronegativity ️☑️ The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond What is a free radical ️☑️ An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron that is highly reactive Why are free radicals important in the body ️☑️ They can damage cells but also play roles in signaling and immune defense