Last minute revision Guaranteed pass -Anatomy and Physiology - chapter 3 questions & answers

What is the basic structural and functional unit of life in the human body? ️☑️ The cell What is the thin outer boundary that controls entry and exit of substances in a cell? ️☑️ The plasma membrane Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the cell’s energy? ️☑️ Mitochondria What structure contains the cell’s genetic material? ️☑️ The nucleus What is the jelly-like substance that fills the interior of the cell? ️☑️ Cytoplasm Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis? ️☑️ Ribosomes What network of membranes helps in protein and lipid transport within the cell? ️☑️ Endoplasmic reticulum What organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins? ️☑️ Golgi apparatus Which organelle contains enzymes that break down waste materials? ️☑️ Lysosomes What structure helps maintain cell shape and movement? ️☑️ Cytoskeleton What term describes the movement of substances from high to low concentration without energy? ️☑️ Passive transport What is diffusion across a membrane with the help of transport proteins? ️☑️ Facilitated diffusion 2 What type of transport requires energy to move substances against a gradient? ️☑️ Active transport What process moves water across a selectively permeable membrane? ️☑️ Osmosis What is the fluid mosaic model used to describe? ️☑️ The structure of the plasma membrane What are the two main components of the plasma membrane? ️☑️ Lipids and proteins Which macromolecule forms the bilayer of the plasma membrane? ️☑️ Phospholipids What is the role of membrane proteins? ️☑️ Transport, communication, and structural support What type of junction allows communication between adjacent cells? ️☑️ Gap junctions What junction prevents substances from leaking between cells? ️☑️ Tight junctions What junction anchors cells together and provides strength? ️☑️ Desmosomes What is the process by which cells engulf large particles? ️☑️ Phagocytosis What process involves the cell taking in fluids? ️☑️ Pinocytosis What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? ️☑️ Selective uptake of specific molecules via receptors What process releases substances out of the cell? ️☑️ Exocytosis What is the function of the nucleus in the cell? ️☑️ Controls cell activities and stores DNA What structure surrounds the nucleus? ️☑️ Nuclear envelope 3 What are the pores in the nuclear envelope used for? ️☑️ Exchange of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm What is chromatin composed of? ️☑️ DNA and proteins What is the nucleolus responsible for? ️☑️ Ribosome production What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? ️☑️ Lipid synthesis and detoxification What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum? ️☑️ Protein synthesis and transport What is ATP primarily used for in cells? ️☑️ Energy transfer What is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy? ️☑️ Cellular respiration What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? ️☑️ Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not What is the function of peroxisomes? ️☑️ Detoxification and breakdown of fatty acids What are microvilli designed to do? ️☑️ Increase surface area for absorption What is membrane potential? ️☑️ Electrical difference across the plasma membrane What maintains the resting membrane potential? ️☑️ Ion distribution and membrane permeability What ion is most abundant outside the cell? ️☑️ Sodium (Na+) What ion is most abundant inside the cell? ️☑️ Potassium (K+) What is selective permeability? ️☑️ Ability of membrane to regulate what enters and exits