HMGT 3301 FINAL REVIEW PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉Why did medicine have a domestic, rather than professional,
character in the preindustrial era?
How did urbanization change that?. Answer: 1) Medical Practice was
in disarray- Anyone could practice without restriction or training
2) Medical procedures were primitive- no technical expertise
3) Missing institutional core- no widespread development of
hospitals
4) Demand was unstable- low demand due to self-reliance (family
folk-remedies), economic
conditions (opportunity cost of transportation), and purchase costs
(fee for service)
5) Medical education was substandard-apprenticeship, unrestricted
entry, and deficient in
science based training
Urbanization increased reliance on specialized skills of paid
professionals because..
,a. Distanced people from families and neighborhoods- no more
family-based remedies
b. Women began working outside the home- no longer caring for the
sick
c. Physicians became less expensive and more accessible-
telephones, cars,
roadsreduced opp. cost of time and travel- more affordable
d. Better geographic proximity of patients and physicians
◉Which factors explain why the demand for the services of a
professional physician was
inadequate in the preindustrial era? How did scientific medicine and
technology change that?. Answer: Demand was low because:
- Small rural communities were self-reliant: family care, home folk
remedies. Most "physicians" had no expertise to offer
- Not affordable
- Indirect cost of transportation and opportunity cost of travel (time
lost)
- Costs doubled- 2 ppl (physician and emissary) had to make trip
back and forth
- Private funds, no insurance- personally pay for fee-for- service
Science and technology led to..
,- Increased demand for advanced services - specialized training
became necessary and
medicine practice became more professional- no longer provided by
families
- Legitimacy and complexity- effectiveness of scientific medicine
became widely
recognized
- Cultural Authority- general acceptance of and reliance on the
judgement
of members of a profession because of superior knowledge and
expertise
- People's lives became increasingly governed by medical decisions
made by physicians-
admission to hospital, necessary treatment, prescriptions, granting
medical leave,
worker's compensation cases, pre-employment physicals, etc.
◉How did the emergence of general hospitals strengthen the
professional sovereignty of
physicians?. Answer: a. Hospitals were dependent on physicians to
keep the beds filled- empowered physicians
and enhanced their dominance because hospitals had to keep them
satisfied even
though they were not employed by the hospitals. They had
enormous influence over
, hospital policy.
◉Discuss the relationship of dependency within the context of the
medical profession's cultural
and legitimized authority. what role did medical education reform
play in galvanizing
professional authority?. Answer: Dependency emerged because...
a. Society expects a sick person to seek medical help and try to get
well
b. Cultural authority- medical judgements...
i. Legitimize sickness
ii. Exempt the individual from social role obligations i.e. school/work
iii. Provide competent medical care so the person can get well and
resume
social role obligations
c. Need for hospital services for critical illness and surgery
d. Referral role, prescriptions
Educational reform further legitimized the profession's authority
and galvanized its sovereignty - upgrade of med-school standards,
physicians clear monopoly on the practice of medicine
◉How did the organized medical profession manage to remain free
of control by business firms,
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉Why did medicine have a domestic, rather than professional,
character in the preindustrial era?
How did urbanization change that?. Answer: 1) Medical Practice was
in disarray- Anyone could practice without restriction or training
2) Medical procedures were primitive- no technical expertise
3) Missing institutional core- no widespread development of
hospitals
4) Demand was unstable- low demand due to self-reliance (family
folk-remedies), economic
conditions (opportunity cost of transportation), and purchase costs
(fee for service)
5) Medical education was substandard-apprenticeship, unrestricted
entry, and deficient in
science based training
Urbanization increased reliance on specialized skills of paid
professionals because..
,a. Distanced people from families and neighborhoods- no more
family-based remedies
b. Women began working outside the home- no longer caring for the
sick
c. Physicians became less expensive and more accessible-
telephones, cars,
roadsreduced opp. cost of time and travel- more affordable
d. Better geographic proximity of patients and physicians
◉Which factors explain why the demand for the services of a
professional physician was
inadequate in the preindustrial era? How did scientific medicine and
technology change that?. Answer: Demand was low because:
- Small rural communities were self-reliant: family care, home folk
remedies. Most "physicians" had no expertise to offer
- Not affordable
- Indirect cost of transportation and opportunity cost of travel (time
lost)
- Costs doubled- 2 ppl (physician and emissary) had to make trip
back and forth
- Private funds, no insurance- personally pay for fee-for- service
Science and technology led to..
,- Increased demand for advanced services - specialized training
became necessary and
medicine practice became more professional- no longer provided by
families
- Legitimacy and complexity- effectiveness of scientific medicine
became widely
recognized
- Cultural Authority- general acceptance of and reliance on the
judgement
of members of a profession because of superior knowledge and
expertise
- People's lives became increasingly governed by medical decisions
made by physicians-
admission to hospital, necessary treatment, prescriptions, granting
medical leave,
worker's compensation cases, pre-employment physicals, etc.
◉How did the emergence of general hospitals strengthen the
professional sovereignty of
physicians?. Answer: a. Hospitals were dependent on physicians to
keep the beds filled- empowered physicians
and enhanced their dominance because hospitals had to keep them
satisfied even
though they were not employed by the hospitals. They had
enormous influence over
, hospital policy.
◉Discuss the relationship of dependency within the context of the
medical profession's cultural
and legitimized authority. what role did medical education reform
play in galvanizing
professional authority?. Answer: Dependency emerged because...
a. Society expects a sick person to seek medical help and try to get
well
b. Cultural authority- medical judgements...
i. Legitimize sickness
ii. Exempt the individual from social role obligations i.e. school/work
iii. Provide competent medical care so the person can get well and
resume
social role obligations
c. Need for hospital services for critical illness and surgery
d. Referral role, prescriptions
Educational reform further legitimized the profession's authority
and galvanized its sovereignty - upgrade of med-school standards,
physicians clear monopoly on the practice of medicine
◉How did the organized medical profession manage to remain free
of control by business firms,
