ASC 378 - EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

ASC 378 - EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Nutrition - Answers THe sum of the process in an animal by which food substances are consumed, metabolized, and waste product eliminated Nutrient - Answers Any material that aids in the support if life in a normal healthy animal Feed and Feedstuff - Answers Any product that when properly used in a diet has nutritional value Natural Feedstuff - Answers corn, wheat, alfalfa, soybeans, potatoes Natural Processed Feedstuff - Answers soybean meal, wheat germ meal, alfalfa leaf meal, distillers dried solubles Synthetic Feedstuff - Answers crystalline amino acids, vitamins Any pure nutrient 6 classes of nurtients - Answers carbohydrates lipids proteins vitamins minerals water Diet - Answers A combination of feedstuff Ration - Answers Amount of feed consumed by (or provided to) an animal in a 24 hour period Supplements - Answers A feed or feed mixture mixed with another feed or feed mixture to improve the nutritional balance of a diet 3 way of using supplements - Answers 1. Mix with other ingredients to form a complete diet 2. Feed free choice 3. Feed undiluted Concentrate - Answers A feedstuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and contains 18% fiber as crude protein Roughage - Answers A feedstuff containing 18% fiber as crude fiber Digestion - Answers The physical and chemical reactions feedstuffs undergo from intake to absorption from the gut Absorption - Answers Movement of nutrients from GI tract through gut wall into lymph system, blood stream, and cells Distribution - Answers Movement of nutrients from absorption site to cells of body Metabolism - Answers The chemical process that nutrients undergo after absorbtion Anabolism - Answers Any constructive process by which simple substances are converted into more complex substances Catabolism - Answers Any destructive process by which complex substances are converted into more simple compounds Enzymes - Answers Biocatalysts, secreted by living cells, which activate and/or accelerate chemical reactions Cofactors - Answers activate enzymes (many minerals) Coenzymes - Answers work with the enzymes but are not a permanent part; often act as intermediate carriers for electrons or as functional groups for transport Hormones - Answers Chemical agents are synthesized by particular body parts of the body which are then carried by the blood to other parts of the body where the elicit a physiological response by action on specific tissues or organs Order from feed to waste - Answers 1. feed 2. digestion 3. absorption (as nutrients) 4. distribution 5. metabolism 6. production 7. waste 3000 BC - Answers china prescribed source of iodine to treat goiter 601 BC - Answers blindness due to vitamin a deficiency in donkeys 400 BC Hippocrates - Answers Father of medicine 1747 Lind - Answers Juice of citrus fruits was a cure for scurvy 1780 Antoine Lavoisier - Answers father of nutrition 1791 Dr. George Fordyce - Answers Calcium was needed to prevent eggs from breaking 1810 Thaer - Answers Developed first feeding standard; feeds were assigned a 'hay value' 1833 William Beaumont - Answers outstanding pioneer in the study of gastric digestion in man 1834 William Prout - Answers Three great proximate principles which met an animal's needs in addition to minerals: (1) saccharine (CHO); (2) oily (lipid); (3) albuminous (protein) 1840 Charles Chossate - Answers wheat and water diet must be supplemented with calcium for bone growth 1842 Juston von Liebig - Answers published animal chemistry in its application to physiology 1843 Lawes and Gilbert - Answers Began Rothamsted experiment station in England 1860 Henneberg and Stohman - Answers developed proximate analysis to evaluate feedstuffs for nonruminant livestock 1884 Tappeiner - Answers GI enzymes do not break down fiber consumed by rumens 1897 Eijkman - Answers Relationship between rice polishings and beriberi (polyneuritis) in hens 1922 - Answers role of vitamin D in rickets defined 1925 - Answers Essential trace minerals discovered 1930 Rose - Answers classified amino acids as essential and nonessestial 1934 - Answers Ca:P ratio established Key components of big/fat aniamls - Answers lower H2O present Lower protein Higher Fat lower ash key components of thin/small aniamls - Answers higher H2O present Higher protein lower fat higher ash How do plants make carbohydrates, fats, and proteins - Answers CO2, H2O, nitrates, and mineral salts Where does all life process originate from - Answers plant kingdom plants contain _________________ substances found in the animal body but the relative amounts ____________________ - Answers same differ Which has higher protein, fat, CHO, and minerals fresh or dry components of a plant - Answers Dry Parts of the plant for highest protein to lowest - Answers Seed leaf stem Parts of the plant for highest fat to lowest - Answers seed leaf steam Parts of the plant for highest CHO to lowest - Answers seed stem leaf Parts of the plant for highest minerals to lowest - Answers leaf stem seed main constituent in animals - Answers protein main constituent in plants - Answers carbohydrates main structure in aniamls - Answers minerals (bones) protein (muscle) main structure in plants - Answers carbohydrates (cellulose) main energy storage in animals - Answers fat main energy storage in plants - Answers carbohydrates (starch) Where does protein in a plant translocate to when maturing - Answers seed In seeds CHO is primarily a __________ - Answers starch In stems and leaves CHO is primarily a ___________ - Answers cellulose Why do plant parts vary in utilization by animals - Answers Due to varying levels and types of CHO Roughages - Answers low digestibility due to high fiber content (cellulose and lignin) Concentrates - Answers low in fiber and high in starch Which has more Ca and P animals or plants? - Answers Animals (75%) PLants (1-2%) What portion of the plants is associated with Ca - Answers leaves What portion of the plant has high P - Answers seeds (low Ca) In roughage diets you must supply - Answers P In concentrate diets you must supply - Answers Ca and P Is digestibility higher in younger or older plants - Answers younger Is intake higher in younger or older plants - Answers younger Is crude protein higher in younger or older plants - Answers younger Is Relative feed value higher in younger or older plants - Answers younger Is NDF higher in younger or older plants - Answers older Is ADF higher in younger or older plants - Answers older Yeild __________ as a plant gets older - Answers increases Byproduct feeds - Answers products remaining after, or developed from that which remains after processing of commodities for other purposes Detergent fiber Method - Answers Dried feed sample ND soluable NDF (insoulable) AD soluable ADF (insoulable) Acid Soluable Acid Insoluable Meckel's diverticulum - Answers Marks end of jejenum in chickens Function of GI tract - Answers Protect from microbial infection transport ingested food solubilize nutrients absorb nutrients excrete undigested residue and metabolic waster Types of digestion - Answers Mechanical Chemical Enzymatic Two basic types of digestion - Answers Simple hydrolytic and fermentative Steps for hydrolytic digestion - Answers (MOstly carnivores) 1. food mechanically disrupted 2. small particles enter the stomach with enzymes of animal origin 3. Hydrolysis products 4. Absorbed Steps for fermentative digestion - Answers (Mostly herbivores) 1. food mechanically disrupted 2. small particles enter with enzymes if microbial orgin 3. hydrolis production 4. Anaerobic fermentation 5. Absorbed 3 VFA - Answers acetate, propionate, butyrate Sight of cell division in villi - Answers crypts of liberkuhn produces mucous in small intestine - Answers goblet cells Transporters - Answers sit on top of villi and take amino acids and glucose from the small intestine and uses ATP and SGLT-1 transporters to dump into blood Liver - Answers First place that absorbs feedstuff goes after small intestine (via the portal vein) Helps regulate amount of nutrients in the blood Animal blood sugars from lowest to highest - Answers Sheep Cattle Swine Horse Human Chicken What do microbes do in the rumen - Answers make the energy (VFAs) in cellulose avaliable synthesis vitamin B Utilize non protein nitrogen or poor quality dietary portein What is produced due to ruminal ingesta - Answers CO2 and methane Properties of saliva - Answers lubrication amalyse (in pigs and human) buffers stomach acids in ruminents Why is rumminant saliva more basic - Answers keeps the low pH in rumen (due to anerobic environment) stable to not kill off microbes Salivia production from hlow to high - Answers humans chickens horses cows What impacts salvia production - Answers more dry feeds more stemmy hay What stimulates salvia production - Answers psychic reflex food in mouth in ruminants (stimulation of cardiac region of the stomach by tactile stimuli) Acids in digestive tract - Answers HCl - produced by parietal cell - located in the stomach in the form of gastric secretionn Bases in digestive tract - Answers HCO3 - produced bypancrease - buffers acidic conditions in stomach content and in duodenum so digestive enzymes aren't killed Biliary secretions - Answers bile salts buffers Gastric hormones - Answers gastrin secretin CCK (cholecystokinin) Somatostatin gastrin: produced? stimulated? function - Answers produced: pyloric antrum (monogastric) or abomasum (ruminenets) Stimulated: vagal nerve stimulation (distended stomach) Function: stimulates acid secretion by gastric glands Secretion produced? Stimulated? function? - Answers produced: Duodenal mucosa Stimulated: acid in duodenum and peptones in duodenum Function: stimulates production/dumping of bicarbonate (sometimes bile) CCK produced? stimulated? function? - Answers produced: duodenal mucosa and brain stimulated: long-chain fatty acids, amino acids, and peptones function: contract gallbladder and pancreas; stimulates synthesis of pancreatic enzymes; releases insulin; inhibits gastric acid secreation Somatostatin produced? stimulated? function? - Answers produced: abomasal antrum and duodenum; nerve cells in GI tract stimulated: changes in the composition of intestinal chyme function: shuts down other 3 gastric hormones Secretion in mouth and function - Answers secreation: salivary amalyase function: digests glycogen, starch, dextrin secretion in stomach and function - Answers secretion: pepsinogen and HCl function: digests proteins and activates pepsinogen - pepsin secretion in pancreas and function - Answers secretion: pancreatic enzymes, trypsiongen, chymotryinogen, lipase function: digests starch (pancreatic enzymes), protein and peptides (trypsiongen and chymotryinogen), and fats (lipase) secretion in liver and function - Answers secretion: bile function: emulsification of fat secretion in small intestine (brush border enzyme) and function - Answers secretion: lactase function: digests lactose brush border enzymes - Answers lactase maltase sucrase maltose - - Answers glucose + glucose lactose - - Answers glucose + galactose sucrose - - Answers glucose + fructose lipids - - Answers monoglycerides, glycerol and fatty acids what does rennin do - Answers coagulates milk proteins pepsin breaks down protein into - Answers polypeptides trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase break protein breakdown products into - Answers peptides, amino acids, and proteoses Dipeptidedase breaks down protein breakdown products into - Answers amino acids Nucleotidase breaks down nucleoproteins into - Answers nucleotides, nucleosides, purines, and phosphoric acid Components of headgut - Answers eyes mouth -tonguee - teeth - salvia Foregut in chickens - Answers crop