PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE Nursing: Health & Wellness
The four overarching goals of Healthy People 2020 are: (4) - Attain *high-quality, longer lives
free of preventable disease.* disability, injury, and premature death
- Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve health of all groups
- Create social and physical, mental, and social *well-being*
- Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
Definition of Health state of complete *physical, mental, and social well-being*, not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity
- A state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality and lifestyle.
Health Belief Model:
Positive Health Care Behavior: Activities related to maintaining, attaining, or regaining
good health and preventing illness.
- Immunizations
- Proper Sleep Patterns
- Adequate Exercise
- Stress Management
- Nutrition
Negative Health Care Behavior: Practices actually or potentially harmful to health
- Smoking
- Drug & Alcohol Abuse
- Poor Diet
- Refusal to take necessary medication
Health Beliefs are: a person's ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness.
- They may be based on factual information or misinformation, common sense or myths, or
reality or false expectations.
3 Components of the Health Belief Model 1. An individual's perception of the *susceptibility*
of the illness
,2. An individual's perception of the *seriousness* of the illness
3. The likelihood that a person will take preventative action
The health promotion model focuses on 3 areas: 1. The individual characteristics and
experiences
2. Behavior-specific knowledge and affect
3. Behavioral outcomes
Health Promotion Model:
Nurses using *holistic nursing* model recognize the natural healing abilities of the body and
incorporate complementary and alternative interventions because ... they are effective,
economical, noninvasive, non pharmacological complements to traditional medical care
- Attempts to create conditions that promote optimal health
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is used to: understand the interrelationships of basic human
needs
Internal Variables influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices: DIPES 1.
Developmental Stage
2. Intellectual Background
3. Perception of Functioning
4. Emotional Factors
5. Spiritual Factors
Developmental Stage a person's thought and behavior patterns change throughout life; the
nurse must consider the patient's level of growth and development when using his or her health
beliefs and practices as a basis for planning care.
Intellectual Background a person's beliefs about health are shaped in part by the person's
knowledge, lack of knowledge, or incorrect information about body functions and illnesses,
educational background, and past experiences
Perception of Functioning subjective data about the way the patient perceives physical
functioning such as level of fatigue, shortness of breath, or pain; also obtain objective data
about actual functioning, such as blood pressure, height measurements, and lung sound
assessment
,Emotional Factors the patient's degree of stress, depression, or fear can influence health
beliefs and practices
Spiritual Factors how a person lives his or her life, including the values and beliefs
exercised, the relationships established with family and friends, and the ability to find hope and
meaning in life
External Variables influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices: 1. Family Practices
2. Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Factors
3. Cultural Background
Family Practices the way in which patients' families use health care services generally
affects their health practices
- Their perceptions of the seriousness of diseases and their history of preventive care behaviors
(or lack of them) influence how patients think about health.
Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Factors the stability of the person's marital or intimate
relationship, lifestyle habits
Cultural Background influences beliefs, values, and customs that influence their personal
health practices, their approach to the system, and the nurse-patient relationship.
Health Promotion includes activities such as routine exercise and good nutrition that help
patients maintain or enhance their present levels of health
Wellness education includes: strategies that are designed to help persons achieve new
understanding and control over their lives
Illness prevention includes activities that motivate people to avoid declined in health or
functional levels
Passive Strategies for Health Promotion: Individuals gain from the activities of others
without acting themselves.
Active Strategies for Health Promotion Individuals are motivated to adopt specific health
programs
Primary Prevention true prevention; it precedes disease
- health education programs, immunizations, nutritional programs, and physical fitness activities
Secondary Prevention Focuses on the individuals who are experiencing health problems or
illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions
, Tertiary Prevention Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible; it
involves minimizing the effects of the illness or disability
Risk Factor Definition any situation, habit, social or environmental condition, physiological or
psychological condition, developmental or intellectual condition, or spiritual or other variable
that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident
Genetic and Physiological Risk Factors: Pregnant or overweight, diabetes mellitus, cancer,
heart disease, kidney disease, or mental illness
Age Risk Factors: Premature infant, heart disease, and cancer with increased age
Environmental Risk Factors: Industrial workers are exposed to certain chemicals or when
people live near toxic waste disposal sites
Lifestyle Risk Factors: Habits have risk factors (sunbathing, overweight)
Stages of Health Behavior: - Pre-contemplation Stage
- Contemplation Stage
- Preparation Stage
- Action Stage
- Maintenance Stage
Pre-contemplation Stage Not intending to make changes within the next 6 months
Contemplation Stage Considering to change within the next 6 months
Preparation Stage Making small changes in preparation for a change in the next month
Action Stage Actively engaged in strategies to change behavior
Maintenance Stage Sustained change overtime
Patient Teaching: Lifestyle Changes Objective: Patient will reduce health risks related to poor
lifestyle habits through behavior change.
Teaching Strategies: Provide active listening, ask about perceived barriers, assist the patient in
establishing goals, and reinforce the process of change.
Evaluation: Have the patient track adherence, and provide positive reinforcement.
The four overarching goals of Healthy People 2020 are: (4) - Attain *high-quality, longer lives
free of preventable disease.* disability, injury, and premature death
- Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve health of all groups
- Create social and physical, mental, and social *well-being*
- Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
Definition of Health state of complete *physical, mental, and social well-being*, not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity
- A state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality and lifestyle.
Health Belief Model:
Positive Health Care Behavior: Activities related to maintaining, attaining, or regaining
good health and preventing illness.
- Immunizations
- Proper Sleep Patterns
- Adequate Exercise
- Stress Management
- Nutrition
Negative Health Care Behavior: Practices actually or potentially harmful to health
- Smoking
- Drug & Alcohol Abuse
- Poor Diet
- Refusal to take necessary medication
Health Beliefs are: a person's ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness.
- They may be based on factual information or misinformation, common sense or myths, or
reality or false expectations.
3 Components of the Health Belief Model 1. An individual's perception of the *susceptibility*
of the illness
,2. An individual's perception of the *seriousness* of the illness
3. The likelihood that a person will take preventative action
The health promotion model focuses on 3 areas: 1. The individual characteristics and
experiences
2. Behavior-specific knowledge and affect
3. Behavioral outcomes
Health Promotion Model:
Nurses using *holistic nursing* model recognize the natural healing abilities of the body and
incorporate complementary and alternative interventions because ... they are effective,
economical, noninvasive, non pharmacological complements to traditional medical care
- Attempts to create conditions that promote optimal health
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is used to: understand the interrelationships of basic human
needs
Internal Variables influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices: DIPES 1.
Developmental Stage
2. Intellectual Background
3. Perception of Functioning
4. Emotional Factors
5. Spiritual Factors
Developmental Stage a person's thought and behavior patterns change throughout life; the
nurse must consider the patient's level of growth and development when using his or her health
beliefs and practices as a basis for planning care.
Intellectual Background a person's beliefs about health are shaped in part by the person's
knowledge, lack of knowledge, or incorrect information about body functions and illnesses,
educational background, and past experiences
Perception of Functioning subjective data about the way the patient perceives physical
functioning such as level of fatigue, shortness of breath, or pain; also obtain objective data
about actual functioning, such as blood pressure, height measurements, and lung sound
assessment
,Emotional Factors the patient's degree of stress, depression, or fear can influence health
beliefs and practices
Spiritual Factors how a person lives his or her life, including the values and beliefs
exercised, the relationships established with family and friends, and the ability to find hope and
meaning in life
External Variables influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices: 1. Family Practices
2. Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Factors
3. Cultural Background
Family Practices the way in which patients' families use health care services generally
affects their health practices
- Their perceptions of the seriousness of diseases and their history of preventive care behaviors
(or lack of them) influence how patients think about health.
Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Factors the stability of the person's marital or intimate
relationship, lifestyle habits
Cultural Background influences beliefs, values, and customs that influence their personal
health practices, their approach to the system, and the nurse-patient relationship.
Health Promotion includes activities such as routine exercise and good nutrition that help
patients maintain or enhance their present levels of health
Wellness education includes: strategies that are designed to help persons achieve new
understanding and control over their lives
Illness prevention includes activities that motivate people to avoid declined in health or
functional levels
Passive Strategies for Health Promotion: Individuals gain from the activities of others
without acting themselves.
Active Strategies for Health Promotion Individuals are motivated to adopt specific health
programs
Primary Prevention true prevention; it precedes disease
- health education programs, immunizations, nutritional programs, and physical fitness activities
Secondary Prevention Focuses on the individuals who are experiencing health problems or
illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions
, Tertiary Prevention Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible; it
involves minimizing the effects of the illness or disability
Risk Factor Definition any situation, habit, social or environmental condition, physiological or
psychological condition, developmental or intellectual condition, or spiritual or other variable
that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident
Genetic and Physiological Risk Factors: Pregnant or overweight, diabetes mellitus, cancer,
heart disease, kidney disease, or mental illness
Age Risk Factors: Premature infant, heart disease, and cancer with increased age
Environmental Risk Factors: Industrial workers are exposed to certain chemicals or when
people live near toxic waste disposal sites
Lifestyle Risk Factors: Habits have risk factors (sunbathing, overweight)
Stages of Health Behavior: - Pre-contemplation Stage
- Contemplation Stage
- Preparation Stage
- Action Stage
- Maintenance Stage
Pre-contemplation Stage Not intending to make changes within the next 6 months
Contemplation Stage Considering to change within the next 6 months
Preparation Stage Making small changes in preparation for a change in the next month
Action Stage Actively engaged in strategies to change behavior
Maintenance Stage Sustained change overtime
Patient Teaching: Lifestyle Changes Objective: Patient will reduce health risks related to poor
lifestyle habits through behavior change.
Teaching Strategies: Provide active listening, ask about perceived barriers, assist the patient in
establishing goals, and reinforce the process of change.
Evaluation: Have the patient track adherence, and provide positive reinforcement.
