SCI 225 Final Exam: Pathophysiology Updated and
Latest Questions and Correct Answers- Nightingale
College (Version 4)
1. Which term describes the cellular adaptation where one mature cell type is
replaced by another mature cell type, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
such as the change in respiratory epithelium due to smoking.
2. A patient’s biopsy shows cells that vary in size and shape with large nuclei
and an increased rate of mitosis. This is best described as:
A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Dysplasia refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
mature cells, often considered a precursor to cancer.
,3. What is the primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
A. Apoptosis is always pathological.
B. Necrosis involves cell shrinkage and programmed death.
C. Necrosis causes an inflammatory response, while apoptosis does not.
D. Apoptosis results in the swelling of organelles and plasma membrane rupture.
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Necrosis is accidental cell death that triggers inflammation; apoptosis is
programmed cell death that is generally silent and does not trigger inflammation.
4. Which of the following is a classic systemic sign of acute inflammation?
A. Local heat
B. Leukocytosis
C. Bradycardia
D. Hypothermia
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Leukocytosis (elevated white blood cell count) is a systemic response to
inflammation, along with fever and increased acute-phase reactants.
5. Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by which antibody?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgE
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: IgE antibodies bind to mast cells and trigger the release of histamine in
allergic reactions (Type I hypersensitivity).
, 6. A patient with Type O blood accidentally receives Type A blood. What type of
hypersensitivity reaction is occurring?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity involves cytotoxic reactions where antibodies (IgG
or IgM) react with antigens on the surface of cells, such as in blood transfusion reactions.
7. Which condition is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder?
A. Cystic fibrosis
B. Marfan syndrome
C. Huntington disease
D. Down syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning an individual
must inherit two copies of the defective gene to manifest the disease.
8. Trisomy 21 is the chromosomal abnormality associated with which condition?
A. Turner syndrome
B. Down syndrome
C. Klinefelter syndrome
D. Edwards syndrome
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Down syndrome is caused by the presence of a third copy of chromosome 21.
Latest Questions and Correct Answers- Nightingale
College (Version 4)
1. Which term describes the cellular adaptation where one mature cell type is
replaced by another mature cell type, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
such as the change in respiratory epithelium due to smoking.
2. A patient’s biopsy shows cells that vary in size and shape with large nuclei
and an increased rate of mitosis. This is best described as:
A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Dysplasia refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
mature cells, often considered a precursor to cancer.
,3. What is the primary difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
A. Apoptosis is always pathological.
B. Necrosis involves cell shrinkage and programmed death.
C. Necrosis causes an inflammatory response, while apoptosis does not.
D. Apoptosis results in the swelling of organelles and plasma membrane rupture.
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Necrosis is accidental cell death that triggers inflammation; apoptosis is
programmed cell death that is generally silent and does not trigger inflammation.
4. Which of the following is a classic systemic sign of acute inflammation?
A. Local heat
B. Leukocytosis
C. Bradycardia
D. Hypothermia
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Leukocytosis (elevated white blood cell count) is a systemic response to
inflammation, along with fever and increased acute-phase reactants.
5. Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by which antibody?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgE
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: IgE antibodies bind to mast cells and trigger the release of histamine in
allergic reactions (Type I hypersensitivity).
, 6. A patient with Type O blood accidentally receives Type A blood. What type of
hypersensitivity reaction is occurring?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity involves cytotoxic reactions where antibodies (IgG
or IgM) react with antigens on the surface of cells, such as in blood transfusion reactions.
7. Which condition is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder?
A. Cystic fibrosis
B. Marfan syndrome
C. Huntington disease
D. Down syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning an individual
must inherit two copies of the defective gene to manifest the disease.
8. Trisomy 21 is the chromosomal abnormality associated with which condition?
A. Turner syndrome
B. Down syndrome
C. Klinefelter syndrome
D. Edwards syndrome
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Down syndrome is caused by the presence of a third copy of chromosome 21.
