SCI 225 Final Exam: Pathophysiology Updated and
Latest Questions and Correct Answers -
Nightingale College (Version 3)
1. Which cellular adaptation describes a change in which one adult cell type is
replaced by another adult cell type?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
often as a response to chronic irritation.
2. A patient presents with serum potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L. Which ECG
change is most characteristic of this condition?
A. Prominent U waves
B. Prolonged QT interval
C. ST-segment depression
D. Peaked T waves
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Hyperkalemia (K+ > 5.0 mEq/L) typically causes tall, peaked T waves on an
ECG due to rapid repolarization.
,3. Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water reabsorption in
the collecting ducts of the kidneys?
A. Aldosterone
B. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D. Renin
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: ADH (Vasopressin) increases the permeability of the renal collecting ducts to
water, promoting water retention.
4. What is the primary mechanism of Type I Hypersensitivity?
A. IgG-mediated cell lysis
B. Cytotoxic T-cell destruction
C. Immune complex deposition
D. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies binding to mast cells, leading
to the release of histamine upon re-exposure to an allergen.
5. Which clinical manifestation is a hallmark sign of Left-sided Heart Failure?
A. Jugular venous distension
B. Peripheral edema
C. Pulmonary crackles
D. Hepatomegaly
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary
circulation, leading to pulmonary congestion and crackles.
, 6. In the TNM staging system for cancer, what does the ‘N’ stand for?
A. Node involvement
B. Neoplasm size
C. Necrosis level
D. Number of tumors
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: TNM stands for Tumor (size/extent), Node (regional lymph node
involvement), and Metastasis (presence of distant spread).
7. Which condition is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of the myelin
sheath in the Central Nervous System?
A. Guillain-Barré Syndrome
B. Parkinson’s Disease
C. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
D. Multiple Sclerosis
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the
myelin covering of nerves in the CNS.
8. Which acid-base imbalance is most likely in a patient with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) who retains CO2?
A. Respiratory Acidosis
B. Metabolic Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Acidosis
D. Respiratory Alkalosis
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: CO2 retention leads to an increase in carbonic acid, resulting in respiratory
acidosis.
Latest Questions and Correct Answers -
Nightingale College (Version 3)
1. Which cellular adaptation describes a change in which one adult cell type is
replaced by another adult cell type?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
often as a response to chronic irritation.
2. A patient presents with serum potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L. Which ECG
change is most characteristic of this condition?
A. Prominent U waves
B. Prolonged QT interval
C. ST-segment depression
D. Peaked T waves
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Hyperkalemia (K+ > 5.0 mEq/L) typically causes tall, peaked T waves on an
ECG due to rapid repolarization.
,3. Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water reabsorption in
the collecting ducts of the kidneys?
A. Aldosterone
B. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D. Renin
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: ADH (Vasopressin) increases the permeability of the renal collecting ducts to
water, promoting water retention.
4. What is the primary mechanism of Type I Hypersensitivity?
A. IgG-mediated cell lysis
B. Cytotoxic T-cell destruction
C. Immune complex deposition
D. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies binding to mast cells, leading
to the release of histamine upon re-exposure to an allergen.
5. Which clinical manifestation is a hallmark sign of Left-sided Heart Failure?
A. Jugular venous distension
B. Peripheral edema
C. Pulmonary crackles
D. Hepatomegaly
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary
circulation, leading to pulmonary congestion and crackles.
, 6. In the TNM staging system for cancer, what does the ‘N’ stand for?
A. Node involvement
B. Neoplasm size
C. Necrosis level
D. Number of tumors
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: TNM stands for Tumor (size/extent), Node (regional lymph node
involvement), and Metastasis (presence of distant spread).
7. Which condition is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of the myelin
sheath in the Central Nervous System?
A. Guillain-Barré Syndrome
B. Parkinson’s Disease
C. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
D. Multiple Sclerosis
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the
myelin covering of nerves in the CNS.
8. Which acid-base imbalance is most likely in a patient with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) who retains CO2?
A. Respiratory Acidosis
B. Metabolic Alkalosis
C. Metabolic Acidosis
D. Respiratory Alkalosis
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: CO2 retention leads to an increase in carbonic acid, resulting in respiratory
acidosis.
