PSY 1001 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PSY 1001 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Psychology - Answers Scientific study of mind, brain, and behavior. Levels of analysis - Answers Ways to examine behavior: biological, psychological, social/cultural. Current debates in psychology - Answers Nature vs. nurture; free will vs. determinism. Discipline psychology came from - Answers Philosophy and physiology. Structuralism - Answers Identify basic elements of consciousness. Functionalism - Answers Understand purpose of thoughts/behaviors. Behaviorism - Answers Study observable behavior. Psychoanalytic - Answers Explore unconscious processes. Humanistic - Answers Emphasize growth and free will. Cognitive - Answers Study mental processes. Biological - Answers Link behavior to brain/biology. Sociocultural - Answers Examine social/cultural influences. Current trends in psychology - Answers Neuroscience integration, cultural psychology. Education to become a psychologist - Answers Typically PhD or PsyD. Types of psychologists - Answers Clinical, counseling, developmental, cognitive. Scientific method characteristics - Answers Empirical, systematic, testable, replicable. How psychologists approach claims - Answers Skeptically; require empirical evidence. Goals of scientific study of behavior - Answers Describe, predict, explain, control behavior. Observational research - Answers Observe behavior without manipulation. Correlational research - Answers Examine relationships between variables. Experimental research - Answers Manipulate a variable to test cause and effect. Scientific theory - Answers Broad explanation supported by evidence. Hypothesis - Answers Specific, testable prediction. Peer review - Answers Experts evaluate research before publication. Variables - Answers Factors that can change. Manipulated variable - Answers Independent variable controlled by researcher. Measured variable - Answers Dependent variable recorded by researcher. Operational definitions - Answers How variables are measured or manipulated. Sample - Answers Subset of a population studied. Population - Answers Entire group of interest. Biased sample - Answers Not representative of population. Random sampling - Answers Every member has equal chance of selection. Naturalistic observation - Answers Observe behavior in real-world settings. Case study - Answers In-depth study of one individual or small group. Correlation coefficient (r) - Answers Number from -1 to +1 showing relationship strength. Correlation is not causation - Answers Relationship does not prove one variable causes the other. Experimental research allows - Answers Determination of cause-and-effect relationships. Independent variable (IV) - Answers Manipulated variable. Dependent variable (DV) - Answers Measured outcome. Random assignment - Answers Participants randomly placed into groups. Confound - Answers Uncontrolled variable that affects results. Reliability - Answers Consistency of a measure. Validity - Answers Accuracy of a measure. p-value - Answers Probability results occurred by chance. Statistical significance - Answers Result unlikely due to chance. Core ethical principles - Answers Informed consent, confidentiality, protection from harm. Measures of central tendency - Answers Mean, median, mode. Descriptive statistics - Answers Summarize data. Inferential statistics - Answers Draw conclusions about populations. Sensation - Answers Detection of physical stimuli. Perception - Answers Interpretation of sensory input. Transduction - Answers Conversion of physical energy into neural signals. Absolute threshold - Answers Minimum intensity detected 50% of time. Action potential - Answers Electrical impulse that travels down a neuron. All-or-none - Answers Fires completely or not at all. Hit - Answers Correctly detect signal. Miss - Answers Fail to detect signal. False alarm - Answers Detect signal when none present. Correct rejection - Answers Correctly identify no signal. Weber's Law - Answers Just noticeable difference is proportional to original stimulus. Adaptation - Answers Reduced sensitivity after constant stimulation. Visual stimulus - Answers Light waves. Parts of the eye - Answers Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina. Fovea - Answers Center of retina; high cone concentration. Trichromatic theory - Answers Three cone types detect red, green, blue. Opponent-process theory - Answers Color perceived in opposing pairs. Auditory stimulus - Answers Sound waves. Sound wave properties - Answers Frequency, amplitude, complexity. Pitch perception - Answers Frequency of sound waves. Depth perception - Answers Use visual cues to judge distance. Gestalt Psychology - Answers Emphasizes whole perception. Perceptual constancy - Answers Perceiving objects as stable despite changes. McGurk effect - Answers Visual information alters heard speech. Ponzo illusion - Answers Identical lines appear different sizes due to depth cues. Phineas Gage - Answers A railroad worker who survived a tamping iron passing through his frontal lobe; his personality changed dramatically, suggesting the frontal lobe is critical for personality, impulse control, and decision-making. Hemispatial neglect - Answers A condition (usually after right parietal lobe damage) where a person ignores one side of space (often the left). H.M. (Henry Molaison) - Answers A patient who had his hippocampus removed to treat epilepsy and could not form new long-term memories, showing the hippocampus is essential for memory formation. Lobes of the brain - Answers Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital. Central Nervous System (CNS) - Answers The brain and spinal cord; processes and integrates information. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Answers All nerves outside the CNS; connects the body to the brain and spinal cord. Somatic nervous system - Answers Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) - Answers Regulates involuntary body functions like heartbeat and digestion. Sympathetic nervous system - Answers Arouses the body for fight-or-flight responses. Parasympathetic nervous system - Answers Calms the body and conserves energy (rest-and-digest). Key components of the endocrine system - Answers Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid, pancreas, gonads; glands that release hormones into the bloodstream. Endocrine response to stress - Answers The hypothalamus activates the pituitary, which signals the adrenal glands to release cortisol and adrenaline (fight-or-flight response). Main functions of the frontal lobe - Answers Planning, decision-making, impulse control, voluntary movement, speech production. Main functions of the parietal lobe - Answers Processes touch, spatial awareness, body position. Main functions of the temporal lobe - Answers Hearing, language comprehension, memory. Main functions of the occipital lobe - Answers Vision processing. Brain area contributing to H.M.'s difficulties - Answers Hippocampus (medial temporal lobe). Aphasia - Answers A language impairment caused by brain damage. Wernicke's aphasia symptoms - Answers Fluent but nonsensical speech; poor language