NR565 FINAL PHARMACOLOGY FINAL PAPER 2026 PRACTICE SOLUTION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+

NR565 FINAL PHARMACOLOGY ACTUAL
EXAM PAPER 2026 FULL SOLUTION
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED

◉ Sulfonylureas Contraindication. Answer: should be avoided in
patients with impaired hepatic or renal function.


◉ Meglitinides (Glinides) Prototype/MOA. Answer: -Repaglinide
(Prototype Drug)


-stimulation of pancreatic insulin release though shorter acting then
sulfonylureas and are taken with each meal


-Facilitates calcium influx in pancreatic β cells, which leads to
increased insulin release


◉ Meglitinides Main AE. Answer: Hypoglycemia


◉ Meglitinides Contraindications. Answer: Use with caution in
patients with liver impairment and those taking gemfibrozil.


◉ Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones) Prototype/MOA. Answer: -
Pioglitazone (Prototype Drug)

,-enhance insulin sensitivity/decrease insulin resistance in muscle
tissue and reduce glucagon production in the liver
-Mainly an add on to Metformin


◉ Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) Main AE. Answer: Hypoglycemia but
only in the presence of excessive insulin
Heart failure
Bladder cancer
Fractures (in women)
Ovulation and thus possible unintended pregnancy


◉ Pioglitazone Black Box Warning. Answer: associated with heart
failure (HF) secondary to renal retention of fluid. If HF is diagnosed,
should be discontinued or used in reduced dosage.


◉ Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) Contraindicatgions. Answer: patients
with heart failure, bladder cancer or history of bladder cancer.


◉ Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (Gliptins) Prototype/MOA.
Answer: Sitagliptin/Januvia (Prototype Drug)
-Enhances actions of incretin hormones to stimulate glucose
dependent insulin and suppresses glucagon release

,◉ Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (Gliptins) Main AE. Answer: -
joint pain
-hypersensitivity/ angioedema
-acute pancreatitis.


◉ Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (Gliptins) Contraindications.
Answer: Use cautiously with patients with hx of pancreatitis


◉ Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Prototype/MOA.
Answer: -Canagliflozin (Prototype Drug)
-Reduces the reabsorption of glucose, increasing urinary excretion of
glucose


◉ Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Contraindications.
Answer: Use with caution in patients prone to vulvovaginal and
urinary tract infections.


◉ Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Main AE. Answer:
Educate patients on signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. These
drugs also cause a diuretic effect; therefore patients should stay
hydrated and monitor for signs and symptoms of urinary tract or
vulvovaginal infections.


◉ α-Glucosidase Inhibitors MOA/Prototype. Answer: -Acarbose
(Prototype Drug)

, -delays absorption of dietary carbohydrates and thereby reduces the
rise in blood glucose after a meal


◉ α-Glucosidase Inhibitors main AE. Answer: flatulence, cramps,
abdominal distention, borborygmus (rumbling bowel sounds), and
diarrhea.


◉ Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Antagonists (GLP-1). Answer: -
Non Insulin Injectable
-Exenatide (Byetta) (Prototype Drug);
Liraglutide (Victoza)
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Lixisenatide (Adlyxin)
-Activates receptors for GLP-1- slowing gastric emptying, inhibits
glucagon, suppresses appetite, and stimulates glucose-dependent
release of insulin


◉ Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Antagonists Contraindication.
Answer: should be used with caution in pregnancy; benefits should
clearly outweigh risks. Avoid use in patients with renal dysfunction
or patients that have undergone renal transplant. Use with caution
in patients with a history of pancreatitis.


◉ Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Antagonists Main AE. Answer:
Educate patients on the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. These