NCMB 418 MIDTERMS W8 PPT: HEART
FAILURE AND DYSRHYTHMIA:
DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND ECG
INTERPRETATION. EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS 2026/2027
What is heart failure? - ANS An acute or chronic clinical syndrome resulting from any
structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the heart's ability to fill with or eject
adequate blood.
What are common symptoms of heart failure? - ANS Easily fatigued, dyspnea, palpitations,
irregular rhythm, JVD, increased CVP, decreased BP, anorexia, nausea, and edema.
What is the purpose of an echocardiogram in heart failure diagnosis? - ANS To determine
LV/RV size and function, wall motion abnormalities, valvular function, and estimate LVEF.
What does a chest X-ray assess in heart failure patients? - ANS Cardiomegaly, pulmonary
congestion, and may show cardiac chamber enlargement and increased pulmonary venous
pressure.
What laboratory tests are important in diagnosing heart failure? - ANS CBC for anemia,
serum electrolytes for renal dysfunction, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, and liver
function tests.
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
1
, What is the significance of BNP levels in heart failure? - ANS BNP and N-terminal pro-BNP
levels can evaluate patients with dyspnea for heart failure.
What are the signs of left-sided heart failure? - ANS Fatigue, orthopnea, rales, cyanosis,
oliguria, and dyspnea.
What are the signs of right-sided heart failure? - ANS Bloating, anorexia, cyanosis, edema,
and distended neck veins.
What is sinus rhythm? - ANS A normal rhythm originating from the SA node, characterized by
a heart rate of 60-100 beats per minute.
What is sinus bradycardia? - ANS A rhythm originating at the SA node with a heart rate of less
than 60 beats per minute.
What is sinus arrhythmia? - ANS An irregular heart rhythm that increases with inspiration and
decreases with expiration.
What are the interventions for fluid volume excess in heart failure? - ANS Diuretics, sodium
restriction, daily weights, and monitoring intake and output.
What are common interventions for decreased cardiac output? - ANS Administration of
positive inotropes, vasodilators, and maintenance of sinus rhythm.
What does a normal PR interval measure? - ANS 0.12 to 0.20 seconds.
What is the significance of the QRS complex in ECG? - ANS It should be narrow, less than 0.12
seconds, indicating normal conduction.
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
2
FAILURE AND DYSRHYTHMIA:
DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND ECG
INTERPRETATION. EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS 2026/2027
What is heart failure? - ANS An acute or chronic clinical syndrome resulting from any
structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the heart's ability to fill with or eject
adequate blood.
What are common symptoms of heart failure? - ANS Easily fatigued, dyspnea, palpitations,
irregular rhythm, JVD, increased CVP, decreased BP, anorexia, nausea, and edema.
What is the purpose of an echocardiogram in heart failure diagnosis? - ANS To determine
LV/RV size and function, wall motion abnormalities, valvular function, and estimate LVEF.
What does a chest X-ray assess in heart failure patients? - ANS Cardiomegaly, pulmonary
congestion, and may show cardiac chamber enlargement and increased pulmonary venous
pressure.
What laboratory tests are important in diagnosing heart failure? - ANS CBC for anemia,
serum electrolytes for renal dysfunction, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, and liver
function tests.
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
1
, What is the significance of BNP levels in heart failure? - ANS BNP and N-terminal pro-BNP
levels can evaluate patients with dyspnea for heart failure.
What are the signs of left-sided heart failure? - ANS Fatigue, orthopnea, rales, cyanosis,
oliguria, and dyspnea.
What are the signs of right-sided heart failure? - ANS Bloating, anorexia, cyanosis, edema,
and distended neck veins.
What is sinus rhythm? - ANS A normal rhythm originating from the SA node, characterized by
a heart rate of 60-100 beats per minute.
What is sinus bradycardia? - ANS A rhythm originating at the SA node with a heart rate of less
than 60 beats per minute.
What is sinus arrhythmia? - ANS An irregular heart rhythm that increases with inspiration and
decreases with expiration.
What are the interventions for fluid volume excess in heart failure? - ANS Diuretics, sodium
restriction, daily weights, and monitoring intake and output.
What are common interventions for decreased cardiac output? - ANS Administration of
positive inotropes, vasodilators, and maintenance of sinus rhythm.
What does a normal PR interval measure? - ANS 0.12 to 0.20 seconds.
What is the significance of the QRS complex in ECG? - ANS It should be narrow, less than 0.12
seconds, indicating normal conduction.
2026/2027 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
2
