,Table Of Contents
PART I. Radiation Basics
1. Radiation History
2. Radiation Physics
3. Radiation Characteristics
4. Radiation Biology
5. Radiation Protection
PART II. Equipment, Film, And Processing Basics
6. Dental X-Ray Equipment
7. Dental X-Ray Film
8. Dental X-Ray Image Characteristics
9. Dental X-Ray Film Processing
10. Quality Assurance In The Dental Office
PART III. Dental Radiographer Basics
11. Dental Radiographs And The Dental Radiographer
12. Patient Relations And The Dental Radiographer
13. Patient Education And The Dental Radiographer
14. Legal Issues And The Dental Radiographer
15. Infection Control And The Dental Radiographer
PART IV. Technique Basics
16. Introduction To Radiographic Examinations
17. Paralleling Technique
18. Bisecting Technique
19. Bite-Wing Technique
20. Exposure And Technique Errors
21. Occlusal And Localization Techniques
22. Panoramic Imaging
23. Extraoral Imaging
,24. Imaging Of Patients With Special Needs
PART V. Digital Imaging Basics
25. Digital Imaging
26. Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging
PART VI. Normal Anatomy And Film Mounting Basics
27. Normal Anatomy: Intraoral Images
28. Film Mounting And Viewing
29. Normal Anatomy: Panoramic Images
PART VII. Image Interpretation Basics
30. Introduction To Image Interpretation
31. Descriptive Terminology
32. Identification Of Restorations, Dental Materials, And Foreign Objects
33. Interpretation Of Dental Caries
34. Interpretation Of Periodontal Disease
35. Interpretation Of Trauma And Pulpal And Periapical Lesions
,Chapter 01: radiation history
Iannucci: dental radiography, 6th edition
Multiple choice
1. Radiation is defined as
A. A form of energy carried by waves or
streams of particles.
B. A beam of energy that has the power
to penetrate substances and record
image shadows on a
Receptor.
C. A high-energy radiation produced by the
collision of a beam of electrons with a
metal target in an x-ray tube.
D. A branch of medicine that deals with the
use of x-rays.
Answer: a
Radiation is a form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles. An x-ray is a beam
of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on a
receptor. X-radiation is a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of
electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube. Radiology is a branch of medicine that
deals with the use of x-rays.
Dif: recall ref: page 2 obj: 1
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
2. A radiograph is defined as
A. A beam of energy that has the power to
penetrate substances and record image
Shadows on a receptor.
B. A picture on film produced by the
Passage of x-rays through an object or
body.
C. The art and science of making radiographs
by the exposure of an image receptor to x-
rays.
D. A form of energy carried by waves or a
stream of particles.
Answer: b
An x-ray is a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image
shadows on a receptor. A radiograph is a picture on film produced by the passage of x-
rays through an object or body. Radiography is the art and science of making dental
images by the exposure of a receptor to x-rays.
Radiation is a form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles.
,Dif: comprehension ref: page 2 obj: 1
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
3. Your patient asked you why dental images are important. Which of the
following is the correct response?
A. An oral examination with dental images
limits the practitioner to what is seen
clinically.
B. All dental diseases and conditions produce
clinical signs and symptoms.
C. Dental images are not a necessary
Component of comprehensive patient
care.
D. Many dental diseases are typically
discovered only through the use of dental
Images.
Answer: d
An oral examination without dental images limits the practitioner to what is seen
clinically. Many dental diseases and conditions produce no clinical signs and symptoms.
Dental images are a necessary component of comprehensive patient care. Many dental
diseases are typically discovered only through the use of dental images.
Dif: application ref: page 2 obj: 2
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
4. The x-ray was discovered by
A. Heinrich geissler
B. Wilhelm roentgen
C. Johann hittorf
D. William crookes
Answer: b
Heinrich geissler built the first vacuum tube in 1838. Wilhelm roentgen discovered the x-
ray on november 8, 1895. Johann hittorf observed in 1870 that discharges emitted from
the negative electrode of a vacuum tube traveled in straight lines, produced heat,
And resulted in a greenish fluorescence. William crookes discovered in the late 1870s
that cathode rays were streams of charged particles.
Dif: recall ref: page 2 obj: 4
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
,5. Who exposed the first dental radiograph in the united states using a live person?
A. Otto walkoff
B. Wilhelm roentgen
C. Edmund kells
D. Weston price
Answer: c
Otto walkoff was a german dentist who made the first dental radiograph. Wilhelm
roentgen was a bavarian physicist who discovered the x-ray. Edmund kells exposed the
first dental radiograph in the united states using a live person. Price introduced the
bisecting technique in 1904.
Dif: recall ref: page 4 obj: 5
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
6. Current fast radiographic film requires % less exposure time than
the initial exposure times used in 1920.
A. 33
B. 98
C. 73
D. 2
Answer: d
Current fast radiographic film requires 98% less exposure time than the initial exposure
times used in 1920.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 5 obj: 6
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
7. Who modified the paralleling technique with the introduction of the
long- cone technique?
A. C. Edmund kells
B. Franklin w. Mccormack
C. F. Gordon fitzgerald
D. Howard riley raper
Answer: c
C. Edmund kells introduced the paralleling technique in 1896. Franklin w. Mccormack
reintroduced the paralleling technique in 1920. F. Gordon fitzgerald modified the
paralleling technique with the introduction of the long-cone technique. This is the
technique currently used. Howard riley raper modified the bisecting technique and
introduced the bite-wing technique in 1925.
Dif: recall ref: page 4 obj: 7
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
, 8. Which of the following is an advantage of digital imaging?
A. Increased patient radiation exposure
B. Increased patient comfort
C. Increased speed for viewing images
D. Increased chemical usage
Answer: c
Patient exposure is reduced with digital imaging. Digital sensors are more sensitive to x-
rays than film. Digital sensors are rigid and bulky, causing decreased patient comfort.
The image from digital sensors is uploaded directly to the computer and monitor without
the need for chemical processing. This allows for immediate interpretation and
evaluation.
The image from digital sensors is uploaded directly to the computer and monitor without
the need for chemical processing.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 6 obj: 7
top: cda, rhs, i.b.2. Demonstrate basic knowledge of digital radiography
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
9. Which discovery was the precursor to the discovery of x-rays?
A. Beta particles
B. Alpha particles
C. Cathode rays
D. Radioactive materials
Answer: c
Beta particles are fast moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms
and are not associated with x-rays. Alpha particles are emitted from the nuclei of heavy
metals and are not associated with x-rays. Wilhelm roentgen was experimenting with
cathode rays when he discovered x-rays. Radioactive materials are certain unstable atoms
or elements that are in the process of spontaneous disintegration or decay.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 3 obj: 4
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
10. Which of the following would you place in the patient’s mouth in
order to take dental x-rays?
A. Image
B. Image receptor
C. Radiograph
D. Dental radiograph
Answer: b
An image is a picture or likeness of an object. An image receptor is the recording
medium (film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor) that is placed in the patient’s mouth to
record the image produced by the x-rays. A radiograph is an image of two-dimensional
representation of a three- dimensional object. A dental radiograph is the dental image
produced on a recording medium.
,Chapter 02: radiation physics
Iannucci: dental radiography, 6th edition
Multiple choice
1. The fundamental unit of matter is the
A. Proton.
B. Neutron.
C. Electron.
D. Atom.
Answer: d
A proton is a subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. A neutron is
a subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. An electron is a
subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. The fundamental unit of
matter is the atom.
Dif: recall ref: page 8 obj: 1
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
2. The nucleus of an atom contains
A. Protons.
B. Neutrons.
C. Protons and neutrons.
D. Electrons.
Answer: c
The nucleus of an atom contains neutrons as well as protons. The nucleus of an atom
contains protons as well as neutrons. The nucleus of an atom contains protons and
neutrons. The nucleus of an atom does not contain electrons; it contains protons and
neutrons.
Dif: recall ref: page 8 obj: 2
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
3. Which subatomic particle carries a negative electrical charge?
A. A neutron
B. A proton
C. An electron
D. A nucleon
Answer: c
A neutron does not carry an electrical charge. A proton carries a positive electrical
charge. An electron carries a negative electrical charge. A nucleon carries a positive
(proton) or
,No (neutron) electrical charge.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 8 obj: 2
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
4. Which of the following elements is the simplest atom?
A. Hydrogen (h #1)
B. Helium (he #2)
C. Nitrogen (n #7)
D. Oxygen (o #8)
Answer: a
Atomic numbers are assigned from simplest to most complex. Hydrogen is the simplest
atom; with a single proton, it has an atomic number of 1. Helium has an atomic number
of 2. Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7. Oxygen has an atomic number of 8.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 8 obj: 2
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
5. Which of the following statements is true of orbits or shells in the atom?
A. Protons travel around the nucleus in
well- defined shells.
B. An atom contains innumerable shells.
C. The energy level within each shell is the
same.
D. The orbiting shell closest to the nucleus
has the highest energy level.
Answer: d
Electrons travel around the nucleus in well-defined shells. An atom contains a maximum
of seven shells. Each of the maximum seven shells within an atom represents a different
energy level. The orbiting shell closest to the nucleus has the highest energy level. The k
shell is the orbiting shell closest to the nucleus.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 8 obj: 2
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
6. The binding energy or binding force of an electron is
A. Determined by the distance between the
neutrons and protons within the
Nucleus.
B. Determined by the distance between the
orbiting electrons and the nucleus.
, C. Weaker for electrons located in inner
Shells than in outer shells.
D. Determined by the atomic number.
Answer: b
The binding energy or binding force of an electron is determined by the distance between
the nucleus and the orbiting electron. The binding energy or binding force of an electron
is determined by the distance between the orbiting electron and the nucleus, not the
distance between the orbiting electrons. The binding energy or binding force of an
electron is stronger for electrons located in inner shells than for outer shells.
Dif: recall ref: page 8 obj: 2 top: cda, n/a
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
7. Which of the following statements is true of ionization?
A. An atom that gains an electron will have
a negative charge.
B. An atom that loses an electron will have a
negative charge.
C. An atom that loses an electron will have a
positive charge.
D. An atom that gains an electron has a
negative charge, and an atom that loses an
electron has a positive charge.
Answer: d
This answer is not the best answer. An atom that gains an electron has a negative charge;
however, an atom that loses an electron has a positive charge. An atom that loses an
electron will have a positive charge. An atom that loses an electron has a positive charge;
however, an atom that gains an electron has a negative charge. An atom that gains an
electron will have a negative charge, and an atom that loses an electron will have a
positive charge.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 10 obj: 3
top: cda, n/a
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
8. An ion pair results when
A. A proton is removed from an atom.
B. An electron is removed from an atom.
C. A neutron is removed from an atom.
D. Two atoms share a pair of electrons.
Answer: b
An ion pair results when an electron is removed from an atom rather than a proton; a
neutron.
PART I. Radiation Basics
1. Radiation History
2. Radiation Physics
3. Radiation Characteristics
4. Radiation Biology
5. Radiation Protection
PART II. Equipment, Film, And Processing Basics
6. Dental X-Ray Equipment
7. Dental X-Ray Film
8. Dental X-Ray Image Characteristics
9. Dental X-Ray Film Processing
10. Quality Assurance In The Dental Office
PART III. Dental Radiographer Basics
11. Dental Radiographs And The Dental Radiographer
12. Patient Relations And The Dental Radiographer
13. Patient Education And The Dental Radiographer
14. Legal Issues And The Dental Radiographer
15. Infection Control And The Dental Radiographer
PART IV. Technique Basics
16. Introduction To Radiographic Examinations
17. Paralleling Technique
18. Bisecting Technique
19. Bite-Wing Technique
20. Exposure And Technique Errors
21. Occlusal And Localization Techniques
22. Panoramic Imaging
23. Extraoral Imaging
,24. Imaging Of Patients With Special Needs
PART V. Digital Imaging Basics
25. Digital Imaging
26. Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging
PART VI. Normal Anatomy And Film Mounting Basics
27. Normal Anatomy: Intraoral Images
28. Film Mounting And Viewing
29. Normal Anatomy: Panoramic Images
PART VII. Image Interpretation Basics
30. Introduction To Image Interpretation
31. Descriptive Terminology
32. Identification Of Restorations, Dental Materials, And Foreign Objects
33. Interpretation Of Dental Caries
34. Interpretation Of Periodontal Disease
35. Interpretation Of Trauma And Pulpal And Periapical Lesions
,Chapter 01: radiation history
Iannucci: dental radiography, 6th edition
Multiple choice
1. Radiation is defined as
A. A form of energy carried by waves or
streams of particles.
B. A beam of energy that has the power
to penetrate substances and record
image shadows on a
Receptor.
C. A high-energy radiation produced by the
collision of a beam of electrons with a
metal target in an x-ray tube.
D. A branch of medicine that deals with the
use of x-rays.
Answer: a
Radiation is a form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles. An x-ray is a beam
of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on a
receptor. X-radiation is a high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of
electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube. Radiology is a branch of medicine that
deals with the use of x-rays.
Dif: recall ref: page 2 obj: 1
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
2. A radiograph is defined as
A. A beam of energy that has the power to
penetrate substances and record image
Shadows on a receptor.
B. A picture on film produced by the
Passage of x-rays through an object or
body.
C. The art and science of making radiographs
by the exposure of an image receptor to x-
rays.
D. A form of energy carried by waves or a
stream of particles.
Answer: b
An x-ray is a beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image
shadows on a receptor. A radiograph is a picture on film produced by the passage of x-
rays through an object or body. Radiography is the art and science of making dental
images by the exposure of a receptor to x-rays.
Radiation is a form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles.
,Dif: comprehension ref: page 2 obj: 1
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
3. Your patient asked you why dental images are important. Which of the
following is the correct response?
A. An oral examination with dental images
limits the practitioner to what is seen
clinically.
B. All dental diseases and conditions produce
clinical signs and symptoms.
C. Dental images are not a necessary
Component of comprehensive patient
care.
D. Many dental diseases are typically
discovered only through the use of dental
Images.
Answer: d
An oral examination without dental images limits the practitioner to what is seen
clinically. Many dental diseases and conditions produce no clinical signs and symptoms.
Dental images are a necessary component of comprehensive patient care. Many dental
diseases are typically discovered only through the use of dental images.
Dif: application ref: page 2 obj: 2
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
4. The x-ray was discovered by
A. Heinrich geissler
B. Wilhelm roentgen
C. Johann hittorf
D. William crookes
Answer: b
Heinrich geissler built the first vacuum tube in 1838. Wilhelm roentgen discovered the x-
ray on november 8, 1895. Johann hittorf observed in 1870 that discharges emitted from
the negative electrode of a vacuum tube traveled in straight lines, produced heat,
And resulted in a greenish fluorescence. William crookes discovered in the late 1870s
that cathode rays were streams of charged particles.
Dif: recall ref: page 2 obj: 4
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
,5. Who exposed the first dental radiograph in the united states using a live person?
A. Otto walkoff
B. Wilhelm roentgen
C. Edmund kells
D. Weston price
Answer: c
Otto walkoff was a german dentist who made the first dental radiograph. Wilhelm
roentgen was a bavarian physicist who discovered the x-ray. Edmund kells exposed the
first dental radiograph in the united states using a live person. Price introduced the
bisecting technique in 1904.
Dif: recall ref: page 4 obj: 5
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
6. Current fast radiographic film requires % less exposure time than
the initial exposure times used in 1920.
A. 33
B. 98
C. 73
D. 2
Answer: d
Current fast radiographic film requires 98% less exposure time than the initial exposure
times used in 1920.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 5 obj: 6
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
7. Who modified the paralleling technique with the introduction of the
long- cone technique?
A. C. Edmund kells
B. Franklin w. Mccormack
C. F. Gordon fitzgerald
D. Howard riley raper
Answer: c
C. Edmund kells introduced the paralleling technique in 1896. Franklin w. Mccormack
reintroduced the paralleling technique in 1920. F. Gordon fitzgerald modified the
paralleling technique with the introduction of the long-cone technique. This is the
technique currently used. Howard riley raper modified the bisecting technique and
introduced the bite-wing technique in 1925.
Dif: recall ref: page 4 obj: 7
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
, 8. Which of the following is an advantage of digital imaging?
A. Increased patient radiation exposure
B. Increased patient comfort
C. Increased speed for viewing images
D. Increased chemical usage
Answer: c
Patient exposure is reduced with digital imaging. Digital sensors are more sensitive to x-
rays than film. Digital sensors are rigid and bulky, causing decreased patient comfort.
The image from digital sensors is uploaded directly to the computer and monitor without
the need for chemical processing. This allows for immediate interpretation and
evaluation.
The image from digital sensors is uploaded directly to the computer and monitor without
the need for chemical processing.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 6 obj: 7
top: cda, rhs, i.b.2. Demonstrate basic knowledge of digital radiography
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
9. Which discovery was the precursor to the discovery of x-rays?
A. Beta particles
B. Alpha particles
C. Cathode rays
D. Radioactive materials
Answer: c
Beta particles are fast moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms
and are not associated with x-rays. Alpha particles are emitted from the nuclei of heavy
metals and are not associated with x-rays. Wilhelm roentgen was experimenting with
cathode rays when he discovered x-rays. Radioactive materials are certain unstable atoms
or elements that are in the process of spontaneous disintegration or decay.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 3 obj: 4
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.5 general
10. Which of the following would you place in the patient’s mouth in
order to take dental x-rays?
A. Image
B. Image receptor
C. Radiograph
D. Dental radiograph
Answer: b
An image is a picture or likeness of an object. An image receptor is the recording
medium (film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor) that is placed in the patient’s mouth to
record the image produced by the x-rays. A radiograph is an image of two-dimensional
representation of a three- dimensional object. A dental radiograph is the dental image
produced on a recording medium.
,Chapter 02: radiation physics
Iannucci: dental radiography, 6th edition
Multiple choice
1. The fundamental unit of matter is the
A. Proton.
B. Neutron.
C. Electron.
D. Atom.
Answer: d
A proton is a subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. A neutron is
a subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. An electron is a
subatomic particle; the fundamental unit of matter is the atom. The fundamental unit of
matter is the atom.
Dif: recall ref: page 8 obj: 1
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
2. The nucleus of an atom contains
A. Protons.
B. Neutrons.
C. Protons and neutrons.
D. Electrons.
Answer: c
The nucleus of an atom contains neutrons as well as protons. The nucleus of an atom
contains protons as well as neutrons. The nucleus of an atom contains protons and
neutrons. The nucleus of an atom does not contain electrons; it contains protons and
neutrons.
Dif: recall ref: page 8 obj: 2
Top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
3. Which subatomic particle carries a negative electrical charge?
A. A neutron
B. A proton
C. An electron
D. A nucleon
Answer: c
A neutron does not carry an electrical charge. A proton carries a positive electrical
charge. An electron carries a negative electrical charge. A nucleon carries a positive
(proton) or
,No (neutron) electrical charge.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 8 obj: 2
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
4. Which of the following elements is the simplest atom?
A. Hydrogen (h #1)
B. Helium (he #2)
C. Nitrogen (n #7)
D. Oxygen (o #8)
Answer: a
Atomic numbers are assigned from simplest to most complex. Hydrogen is the simplest
atom; with a single proton, it has an atomic number of 1. Helium has an atomic number
of 2. Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7. Oxygen has an atomic number of 8.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 8 obj: 2
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
5. Which of the following statements is true of orbits or shells in the atom?
A. Protons travel around the nucleus in
well- defined shells.
B. An atom contains innumerable shells.
C. The energy level within each shell is the
same.
D. The orbiting shell closest to the nucleus
has the highest energy level.
Answer: d
Electrons travel around the nucleus in well-defined shells. An atom contains a maximum
of seven shells. Each of the maximum seven shells within an atom represents a different
energy level. The orbiting shell closest to the nucleus has the highest energy level. The k
shell is the orbiting shell closest to the nucleus.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 8 obj: 2
top: cda, rhs, iii.b.2. Describe the characteristics of x-radiation
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
6. The binding energy or binding force of an electron is
A. Determined by the distance between the
neutrons and protons within the
Nucleus.
B. Determined by the distance between the
orbiting electrons and the nucleus.
, C. Weaker for electrons located in inner
Shells than in outer shells.
D. Determined by the atomic number.
Answer: b
The binding energy or binding force of an electron is determined by the distance between
the nucleus and the orbiting electron. The binding energy or binding force of an electron
is determined by the distance between the orbiting electron and the nucleus, not the
distance between the orbiting electrons. The binding energy or binding force of an
electron is stronger for electrons located in inner shells than for outer shells.
Dif: recall ref: page 8 obj: 2 top: cda, n/a
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
7. Which of the following statements is true of ionization?
A. An atom that gains an electron will have
a negative charge.
B. An atom that loses an electron will have a
negative charge.
C. An atom that loses an electron will have a
positive charge.
D. An atom that gains an electron has a
negative charge, and an atom that loses an
electron has a positive charge.
Answer: d
This answer is not the best answer. An atom that gains an electron has a negative charge;
however, an atom that loses an electron has a positive charge. An atom that loses an
electron will have a positive charge. An atom that loses an electron has a positive charge;
however, an atom that gains an electron has a negative charge. An atom that gains an
electron will have a negative charge, and an atom that loses an electron will have a
positive charge.
Dif: comprehension ref: page 10 obj: 3
top: cda, n/a
Msc: nbdhe, 2.0 obtaining and interpreting radiographs | nbdhe, 2.1 principles of radiophysics and
radiobiology
8. An ion pair results when
A. A proton is removed from an atom.
B. An electron is removed from an atom.
C. A neutron is removed from an atom.
D. Two atoms share a pair of electrons.
Answer: b
An ion pair results when an electron is removed from an atom rather than a proton; a
neutron.
