BIOS242_FUNDAMENTALS_OF_MICROBIOLOGY_WITH_LAB_EXAM_2_CERTIFICATION.

BIOS242 FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY
WITH LAB EXAM 2 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+

◉ Structures in All Bacteria. Answer: Cell membrane, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, nucleoid


◉ Flagella. Answer: Used for movement; mono, lopho, amphi, peri


◉ Pili. Answer: Transfers DNA via conjugation; found in Gram-
negative


◉ Fimbriae. Answer: Stick to surfaces and other bacteria


◉ Glycocalyx. Answer: Sticky outer sugar coating; includes slime
layer and capsule


◉ Capsule. Answer: Thick, sticky layer that helps evade immune
system

, ◉ Gram-Positive Cell Wall. Answer: Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic
acids, stains purple


◉ Gram-Negative Cell Wall. Answer: Thin peptidoglycan, outer
membrane with LPS, stains pink


◉ LPS (Lipopolysaccharide). Answer: Endotoxin in Gram-negative
outer membrane


◉ Endospores. Answer: Dormant, resistant forms made by Bacillus
and Clostridium


◉ Diseases from Endospores. Answer: Anthrax, Tetanus, Botulism


◉ Prokaryotic Ribosome Size. Answer: 70S (smaller than eukaryotic
80S)


◉ Mycoplasma. Answer: Bacteria with no cell wall; variable shape


◉ Archaea vs Bacteria. Answer: Archaea lack peptidoglycan, live in
extremes, produce methane


◉ Protozoa. Answer: Always unicellular eukaryotes