BIOD102 FINAL 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Point Mutation. Answer: Occur when a single nucleotide is
changed within a gene
◉ Frameshift Mutation. Answer: Can have three different outcomes
arising from the alteration of the triplet-codon reading frame.
◉ Insertion Mutation. Answer: Occurs from the gain of nucleotides
within a gene
◉ Endocrine Signaling. Answer: Long-term signaling that regulates
blood pressure, blood volume and energy metabolism.
◉ Autocrine Signaling. Answer: Local signaling where the ligand is
not transported trough the blood but instead diffuses across a short
distance.
◉ Synaptic Signaling. Answer: Local signaling where the ligand
diffuses across a synapse
,◉ Pheromone Signaling. Answer: Ligands are released into the
external environment to mark territory or attract mates.
◉ Falling Phase. Answer: K+ ions flow out of the cell, making the cell
more negative
◉ Depolarization. Answer: Na+ ions flow out of the cell,
◉ Rising Phase. Answer: Positive feedback causes opening of more
Na+ channels
◉ What is homeostasis. Answer: The tendency to maintain an
equilibrium or set point, among interdependent physiological
processes despite environmental changes.
◉ Absorption. Answer: The process of a drug moving from its site of
administration to the target area, crossing one or more body
membranes
◉ Active Surveillance. Answer: Health officers or other public health
officials execute procedures to gather pertinent health data.
Advantage - greater level of accuracy. Disadvantage - more man
power, more expensive.
,◉ Passive Surveillance. Answer: Techniques in which data reporting
is mandated or requested. Existing data is identified , counted and
reported. Advantage - easy and inexpensive. Disadvantage -
providers may not submit detailed reports.
◉ Which sequence immediately stops transcription. Answer:
Polyadenylation Sequence
◉ Excitatory neurotransmitters ____ the electrical threshold by
increasing electrical excitability of ____ cells, allowing action
potentials to be propagated more quickly.. Answer: Decrease, post-
synaptic
◉ What are the two main ways neurotransmitters are cleared from
the synapse?. Answer: Inactivating enzymes and reuptake via
neurotransmitter transport channels.
◉ Chemoreceptors. Answer: Restore homeostasis through negative
feedback, but they do not communicate with the hypothalamus as
they are reflexive.
◉ Post-Marketing Phase. Answer: Phase of drug development
process covers expansive groups of people with diverse medical
backgrounds as adverse effects may not appear until larger numbers
of people begin taking a drug.
, ◉ Preclinical Phase. Answer: Exhaustive laboratory work, 1-3 years
long. Cells are grown in culture and the candidate drug is tested to
look for potential harms. Animal testing would occur now.
◉ Clinical Investigation Phase. Answer: 2-10 years long.
Pharmacologists gather data , important in identifying adverse SE
and possibility that developing drug may worsen other conditions.
Clinical trials occur during this phase.
◉ New Drug Approval Phase. Answer: Formal review process
conducted by a specialized branch of the FDA. 2 months - 7 years.
Clinical data is examined. If the drug has reasonable benefit it can
continue to post marketing studies.
◉ Epidemiological Triad. Answer: Focuses on interactions among
host, agent, and environment.
◉ Initiation stage of translation. Answer: Involves binding of the
small ribosomal skin it with mature mRNA
◉ Termination Phase of Translation. Answer: Broken down into 3
steps - binding of a releasing factor, liberation of the completed
polypeptide chain, and disassembly of the translation initiation
complex.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Point Mutation. Answer: Occur when a single nucleotide is
changed within a gene
◉ Frameshift Mutation. Answer: Can have three different outcomes
arising from the alteration of the triplet-codon reading frame.
◉ Insertion Mutation. Answer: Occurs from the gain of nucleotides
within a gene
◉ Endocrine Signaling. Answer: Long-term signaling that regulates
blood pressure, blood volume and energy metabolism.
◉ Autocrine Signaling. Answer: Local signaling where the ligand is
not transported trough the blood but instead diffuses across a short
distance.
◉ Synaptic Signaling. Answer: Local signaling where the ligand
diffuses across a synapse
,◉ Pheromone Signaling. Answer: Ligands are released into the
external environment to mark territory or attract mates.
◉ Falling Phase. Answer: K+ ions flow out of the cell, making the cell
more negative
◉ Depolarization. Answer: Na+ ions flow out of the cell,
◉ Rising Phase. Answer: Positive feedback causes opening of more
Na+ channels
◉ What is homeostasis. Answer: The tendency to maintain an
equilibrium or set point, among interdependent physiological
processes despite environmental changes.
◉ Absorption. Answer: The process of a drug moving from its site of
administration to the target area, crossing one or more body
membranes
◉ Active Surveillance. Answer: Health officers or other public health
officials execute procedures to gather pertinent health data.
Advantage - greater level of accuracy. Disadvantage - more man
power, more expensive.
,◉ Passive Surveillance. Answer: Techniques in which data reporting
is mandated or requested. Existing data is identified , counted and
reported. Advantage - easy and inexpensive. Disadvantage -
providers may not submit detailed reports.
◉ Which sequence immediately stops transcription. Answer:
Polyadenylation Sequence
◉ Excitatory neurotransmitters ____ the electrical threshold by
increasing electrical excitability of ____ cells, allowing action
potentials to be propagated more quickly.. Answer: Decrease, post-
synaptic
◉ What are the two main ways neurotransmitters are cleared from
the synapse?. Answer: Inactivating enzymes and reuptake via
neurotransmitter transport channels.
◉ Chemoreceptors. Answer: Restore homeostasis through negative
feedback, but they do not communicate with the hypothalamus as
they are reflexive.
◉ Post-Marketing Phase. Answer: Phase of drug development
process covers expansive groups of people with diverse medical
backgrounds as adverse effects may not appear until larger numbers
of people begin taking a drug.
, ◉ Preclinical Phase. Answer: Exhaustive laboratory work, 1-3 years
long. Cells are grown in culture and the candidate drug is tested to
look for potential harms. Animal testing would occur now.
◉ Clinical Investigation Phase. Answer: 2-10 years long.
Pharmacologists gather data , important in identifying adverse SE
and possibility that developing drug may worsen other conditions.
Clinical trials occur during this phase.
◉ New Drug Approval Phase. Answer: Formal review process
conducted by a specialized branch of the FDA. 2 months - 7 years.
Clinical data is examined. If the drug has reasonable benefit it can
continue to post marketing studies.
◉ Epidemiological Triad. Answer: Focuses on interactions among
host, agent, and environment.
◉ Initiation stage of translation. Answer: Involves binding of the
small ribosomal skin it with mature mRNA
◉ Termination Phase of Translation. Answer: Broken down into 3
steps - binding of a releasing factor, liberation of the completed
polypeptide chain, and disassembly of the translation initiation
complex.
