PN 4003 Final Exam: Variations in Health - Sprott Shaw
College (SSC) Verified and Latest Questions and Answers
1. A patient is diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. What is the primary
underlying pathophysiology?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive glucagon production by alpha cells
D. Delayed insulin secretion by the liver
Answer: B
Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune process where the
body’s immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the
pancreas.
2. Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of Left-Sided Heart Failure?
A. Peripheral edema in the lower extremities
B. Pulmonary crackles and dyspnea
C. Jugular venous distention
D. Hepatomegaly and abdominal bloating
Answer: B
Explanation: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the lungs, leading to
pulmonary congestion, crackles, and shortness of breath.
,3. A patient with COPD presents with barrel chest and pursed-lip breathing.
Which condition is most likely?
A. Emphysema
B. Asthma
C. Chronic Bronchitis
D. Pneumonia
Answer: A
Explanation: Emphysema involves the destruction of alveolar walls and air trapping,
leading to a barrel chest and the need for pursed-lip breathing to maintain airway pressure.
4. What is the primary goal of care for a patient in the oliguric phase of Acute
Kidney Injury (AKI)?
A. Increasing fluid intake to flush the kidneys
B. Administering potassium supplements
C. Encouraging a high-protein diet
D. Monitoring for fluid volume overload
Answer: D
Explanation: During the oliguric phase, urine output drops significantly, putting the
patient at high risk for fluid volume overload and electrolyte imbalances like hyperkalemia.
, 5. Which of the following is a classic sign of Meningitis when assessing a
patient?
A. Negative Romberg test
B. Positive Brudzinski sign
C. Absent Babinski reflex
D. Decreased intracranial pressure
Answer: B
Explanation: A positive Brudzinski sign (neck flexion causing hip/knee flexion) and Kernig
sign are classic indicators of meningeal irritation.
6. In Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the immune system attacks which part of the
nervous system?
A. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine
B. The dopamine-producing neurons
C. The peripheral nerve endings
D. The myelin sheath of the CNS
Answer: D
Explanation: Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the myelin sheath
covering the nerves in the central nervous system is damaged.
College (SSC) Verified and Latest Questions and Answers
1. A patient is diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. What is the primary
underlying pathophysiology?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Excessive glucagon production by alpha cells
D. Delayed insulin secretion by the liver
Answer: B
Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune process where the
body’s immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the
pancreas.
2. Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of Left-Sided Heart Failure?
A. Peripheral edema in the lower extremities
B. Pulmonary crackles and dyspnea
C. Jugular venous distention
D. Hepatomegaly and abdominal bloating
Answer: B
Explanation: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the lungs, leading to
pulmonary congestion, crackles, and shortness of breath.
,3. A patient with COPD presents with barrel chest and pursed-lip breathing.
Which condition is most likely?
A. Emphysema
B. Asthma
C. Chronic Bronchitis
D. Pneumonia
Answer: A
Explanation: Emphysema involves the destruction of alveolar walls and air trapping,
leading to a barrel chest and the need for pursed-lip breathing to maintain airway pressure.
4. What is the primary goal of care for a patient in the oliguric phase of Acute
Kidney Injury (AKI)?
A. Increasing fluid intake to flush the kidneys
B. Administering potassium supplements
C. Encouraging a high-protein diet
D. Monitoring for fluid volume overload
Answer: D
Explanation: During the oliguric phase, urine output drops significantly, putting the
patient at high risk for fluid volume overload and electrolyte imbalances like hyperkalemia.
, 5. Which of the following is a classic sign of Meningitis when assessing a
patient?
A. Negative Romberg test
B. Positive Brudzinski sign
C. Absent Babinski reflex
D. Decreased intracranial pressure
Answer: B
Explanation: A positive Brudzinski sign (neck flexion causing hip/knee flexion) and Kernig
sign are classic indicators of meningeal irritation.
6. In Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the immune system attacks which part of the
nervous system?
A. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine
B. The dopamine-producing neurons
C. The peripheral nerve endings
D. The myelin sheath of the CNS
Answer: D
Explanation: Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where the myelin sheath
covering the nerves in the central nervous system is damaged.
