MASTER QUALIFIER EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026
COMPLETE SOLVED QUESTIONS EDITION
▶ Metaplasia . Answer: Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature
cell type, Ex: chronic smokers, cells lose cilia
▶ Dysplasia . Answer: Cells are different looking varying in size and shape
▶ Neoplasia . Answer: New growth, commonly a tumor. May be malignant
or benign
▶ Apoptosis . Answer: Programmed cell death, normal occurrence in the
body
▶ Ischemia . Answer: Deficit of oxygen in the cells
▶ Hypoxia . Answer: Reduced oxygen in the tissues
▶ Iatrogenic . Answer: illness or disease process because a medical
process was done ex: CAUTI
▶ Autosomal Recessive Disorders . Answer: Has to have two recessive
genes to have disease, only one recessive gene to be carrier ex: Cystic
fibrosis, PKU (phenylketonuria), Tay-Sachs
▶ Cystic fibrosis . Answer: autosomal recessive disorder that causes thick
mucous secretions
▶ PKU (phenylketonuria) . Answer: autosomal recessive disorder that
causes an inability to metabolize phenylalanine. Can cause mental
retardation. Pt must follow strict very low protein diet
▶ Tay-Sachs . Answer: autosomal recessive disorder that causes an
enzyme to not be produced causing fatty proteins build up causing
destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
, ▶ Autosomal Dominant Disorders . Answer: Only takes one gene for
disease to show. There are no carriers, either have disease or don't.
Marfan Syndrome, Huntington's, Familial Hypercholesterolemia
▶ Marfan Syndrome . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder, causes long
extremities, congenital heart defects
▶ Huntington's Disease . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder, nerve
cells break down over time, causing involuntary movements
▶ Familial Hypercholesterolemia . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder,
high cholesterol
▶ X-Linked Disorders . Answer: Disorder carried on the x chromosome
▶ Recessive X-Linked Disorders . Answer: Color blindness, more
prominent in males, XcY male color blind, XcXc female color blind. XcX not
color blind only carrier.
▶ Chromosomal Disorder . Answer: not inherited, theres a problem on the
chromosome
▶ Types of Chromosomal Disorders . Answer: Down's Syndrome, Turner
Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome
▶ Down's Syndrome . Answer: Trisomy 21
▶ Turner Syndrome . Answer: Only affects females, short stature, infertility,
XO
▶ Klinefelter Syndrome . Answer: Only affects males, develop breasts and
small testes, extra X chromosome present XXY
▶ Intracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid inside the cell, accounts for 2/3 of body
water
▶ Extracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid outside the cell, IVF (intravascular fluid
or blood plasma), ISF (interstitial fluid or fluid between tissues and blood),
CSF, and Transcellular fluid (Synovial, Pericardial cavities)
COMPLETE SOLVED QUESTIONS EDITION
▶ Metaplasia . Answer: Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature
cell type, Ex: chronic smokers, cells lose cilia
▶ Dysplasia . Answer: Cells are different looking varying in size and shape
▶ Neoplasia . Answer: New growth, commonly a tumor. May be malignant
or benign
▶ Apoptosis . Answer: Programmed cell death, normal occurrence in the
body
▶ Ischemia . Answer: Deficit of oxygen in the cells
▶ Hypoxia . Answer: Reduced oxygen in the tissues
▶ Iatrogenic . Answer: illness or disease process because a medical
process was done ex: CAUTI
▶ Autosomal Recessive Disorders . Answer: Has to have two recessive
genes to have disease, only one recessive gene to be carrier ex: Cystic
fibrosis, PKU (phenylketonuria), Tay-Sachs
▶ Cystic fibrosis . Answer: autosomal recessive disorder that causes thick
mucous secretions
▶ PKU (phenylketonuria) . Answer: autosomal recessive disorder that
causes an inability to metabolize phenylalanine. Can cause mental
retardation. Pt must follow strict very low protein diet
▶ Tay-Sachs . Answer: autosomal recessive disorder that causes an
enzyme to not be produced causing fatty proteins build up causing
destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
, ▶ Autosomal Dominant Disorders . Answer: Only takes one gene for
disease to show. There are no carriers, either have disease or don't.
Marfan Syndrome, Huntington's, Familial Hypercholesterolemia
▶ Marfan Syndrome . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder, causes long
extremities, congenital heart defects
▶ Huntington's Disease . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder, nerve
cells break down over time, causing involuntary movements
▶ Familial Hypercholesterolemia . Answer: Autosomal Dominant Disorder,
high cholesterol
▶ X-Linked Disorders . Answer: Disorder carried on the x chromosome
▶ Recessive X-Linked Disorders . Answer: Color blindness, more
prominent in males, XcY male color blind, XcXc female color blind. XcX not
color blind only carrier.
▶ Chromosomal Disorder . Answer: not inherited, theres a problem on the
chromosome
▶ Types of Chromosomal Disorders . Answer: Down's Syndrome, Turner
Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome
▶ Down's Syndrome . Answer: Trisomy 21
▶ Turner Syndrome . Answer: Only affects females, short stature, infertility,
XO
▶ Klinefelter Syndrome . Answer: Only affects males, develop breasts and
small testes, extra X chromosome present XXY
▶ Intracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid inside the cell, accounts for 2/3 of body
water
▶ Extracellular Fluid . Answer: Fluid outside the cell, IVF (intravascular fluid
or blood plasma), ISF (interstitial fluid or fluid between tissues and blood),
CSF, and Transcellular fluid (Synovial, Pericardial cavities)
